Study Psychology Ch7 Flash Cards

 
Pile Management Card
Psychology Ch7

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syllogistic reasoning
determining whether a conclusion follows from two statements that are assumed to be true
belief bias
people's judgement about whether to accept conclusions depend more on how believable the conclusions are than on whether the arguments are logically valid
theoretical reasoning
reasoning directed toward arriving at a belief
practical reasoning
figuring out what to do, or reasoning directed toward action
reasoning
a mental activity that consists of organizing information or beliefs into a series of steps to reach conclusions
functional fixedness
the tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed
analogical problem solving
solving a problem by finding a similar problem with a known solution and applying that solution to the current problem
means-ends analysis
a process of searching for the means or steps to reduce differences between the current situation and the desired goal
freqiency format hypothesis
the proposal that our minds evolved to notice how frequently things occur, not how likely they are to occur
representativeness heuristic
a mental shortcut that involves making a probability judgement by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event
conjunction fallacy
when people think that two events are more likely occur together than either idividual event
algorithm
a well-defined sequence of procedures or rules that guarantees a solution to be problem
heuristic
a fast and efficient strategy that may facilitate decision making but does not guarantee that a solution will be reached
availability bias
items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently
rational choice theory
the classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two
exemplar theory
a theory of categorization that argues that we make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category
prototype
the "best" or "most typical member" of a category
family resemblance theory
members of a category have features that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member
category-specific deficit
a neurological syndrome that is characterized by an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category while leaving the ability to recognize objects outside the category undisturebed
concept
a mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events, or other stimuli
linguistic relativity hypothesis
the proposal that language shapes the nature of thought
aphasia
difficulty in producing or comprehending language
genetic dysphasia
a syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence
language acquisition device (LAD)
a collection of processess that facilitate language learning
nativist theory
the view that language development is best explained as an innate, biological capacity
telegraphic speech
speech that is devoid of function morphemes and consists mostly of content words
fast mapping
the fact that children can map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure
surface structure
how a sentence is worded
deep structure
the meaning of a sentence
syntactical rules
a set of rules that indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences
morphological rules
a set of rules that indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words
grammar
a set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages
morphemes
the smallest meaningful units of language
phonological rules
a set of rules that indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds
phoneme
the smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than as random noise
language
a system for communicating with others using signals that convey meaning and are combined according to rules of grammar
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