Study Chemistry Ch. 3 Flash Cards

 
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Chemistry Ch. 3

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states that when different compounds are formed by the combination of the same elements, different masses of one element combine with the same mass of the other element in a ratio of small whole numbers
law of multiple proportions
a percentage determined by the ratio of the mass of each element to the total mass of the compound
percent by mass
states that, regardless of the amount, a compound is always composed of the same elements in the same proportion by mass
law of definite proportions
a chemical combination of two or more different elements; can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means and has properties different from those of its component elements
compounds
a chart that organizes all known elements into a grid of horizontal rows (periods) and vertical columns (groups or families) arranged by increasing atomic number
period table
a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means
element
a technique that is used to separate the components of a mixture based on the tendency of each component to travel or be drawn across the surface of another material
chromatography
the energy-requiring process by which a solid changes directly to a gas without first becoming a liquid
sublimation
a separation technique that produces pure solid particles of a substance from a solution that contains the dissolved substance
crystallization
a technique that can be used to physically separate most homogeneous mixtures based on the differences in the boiling points of the substances
distillation
a technique that uses a porous barrier to separate a solid from a liquid
filtration
a uniform mixture that can contain solids, liquids, or gases; also called a homogeneous mixture
solution
one that has a uniform composition throughout and always has a single phase; also called a solution
homogeneous mixture
one that does not have a uniform composition and in which the individual substances remain distinct
heterogeneous mixture
a physical blend of two or more pure substances in any proportion in which each substance retains its individual properties; can be separated by physical means
mixture
states that mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction but is conserved
law of conservation of mass
a process involving one or more substances changing into new substances; also called a chemical reaction
chemical change
a transition of matter from one state to another
phase change
a type of change that alters the physical properties of a substance but does not change its composition
physical change
the ability or inability of a substance to combine with or change into one or more new substances
chemical property
a physical property that remains the same no matter how much of a substance is present
intensive property
a physical property, such as mass, length, and volume, that is dependent upon the amount of substance present
extensive property
a characteristic of matter that can be observed or measured without changing the sample's composition - for example, density, color, taste, hardness, and melting point
physical property
gaseous state of a substance that is a liquid or a solid at room temperature
vapor
a form of matter that flows to conform to the shape of its container, fills the container's entire volume, and is easily compressed
gas
a form of matter that flows, has constant volume, and takes the shape of its container
liquid
a form of matter that has its own definite shape and volume, is incompressible, and expands only slightly when heated
solid
the physical forms in which all matter naturally exists on Earth - most commonly as a solid, a liquid, or a gas
states of matter
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