Study cht 11 Flash Cards

 
Pile Management Card
cht 11

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pharmacognetics
a field of study which defines the hereditary basis of individual differences in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (the ADME processes).
induction
a drug causes more metabolic enzymes to be produced, thus increasing the metabolic activity.
inhibition
a drug blocks the activity of metabolic enzymes in the liver.
displacement
a drug bound to a plasma protein is removed when another drug of greater binding potential binds to the same protein.
potentiaion
when one drug with no inherent activity of its own increases the activity of another drug that produces an effect.
enzyme inhibition
the decrease in enzyme activity that results in decreased metabolism of drugs.
enzyme induction
the increase in enzyme activity that results in greater metabolism of drugs.
drug-diet interaction
when elements of ingested nutrients interact with a drug and this affects the disposition of the drug.
hypothyroidism
a condition in which thyroid hormones secretions are below normal, often referred to as an under active thyroid.
hyperthyroidism
a condition in which thyroid hormone secretions are above normal, often referred to as an over active thyroid.
obstructive jaundice
an obstruction of the bile that causes hepatic waste products and bile to accumulate in the liver.
acute viral hepatitis
an inflammatory condition o the liver caused by viruses; the effects are less than in cirrhosis but long term exposure can progress into chronic disease with the same characteristics as cirrhosis.
synergism
when two drugs with similar pharmacological actions produce greater effects than the sum of the individual effects.
nephrotoxicity
ability of a substanceacute viral hepatitis to harm the kidneys
idiosyncrasy
an unexpected reaction tge first time a drug is taken, generally due to genetic causes.
hypersensitivity
an abnormal sensitivity generally in an allergic reaction.
complexation
the formation of an insoluble or unabsorbable molecule.
cirrhosis
a chronic and potentially fatal liver disease causing loss of function and increased resistance to blood flow through the liver.
carcinagenicity
ability of a substance to cause cancer
antidote
a drug that antagonizes the toxic effect of another drug
anaphylactic shock
a potentially fatal hypersensitivity reaction producing severe respiratory distress and cardiovascular collapse.
additive effects
when two drugs with similar pharmacological actions result in an effect equal to the sum of the individual effects.
disease states
>The disposition and effect of some drugs can be influenced by the presence of diseases other than the one for which a drug is used.
Drug-diet interactions
>Some foods contain substances that react with certain drugs, e.g., foods containing tyramine can react with monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors.
drug0drug interactions
>Drug-drug interactions can result in either increases or decreases in therapeutic effects or side effect.

>Additive effects occur when two drugs with similar pharmacological actions result in an effect equal to the sum of the individual effects.

>Synergism occurs when two drugs with similar pharmacological actions result in an effect than the sum of the individual effects.

>Displacement of one drug from protein binding sites by a second drug increases the effects of the displaced drug.

>Drugs that induce liver metabolism may also increase metabolism f other drugs that use the same metabolizing enzymes.

>Some drugs increase excretion by raising pH and lessing renal re absorption.
adverse drug reactions
>almost any drug, in almost any dose, can produse an allergic or hypersensitive reaction on a patient. Anaphylactic shocl is a potentially fatal hypersensitivity reaction.

>Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and diarrhea are among the most common adverse reactions to drugs in the GI tract.

>Teratogenicity is the ability of a substance to cause abnormal fetal development when given to pregnant women.
Human variability
Differences in age, weight, genetics, and gender are among the significant factors that influence the differences in medication responses among people

>Drug distribution, metabolism, and excretion are quite diff in the neonate and infant than in adults because their organ systems are not fully developed.\

>children metabolize certain drugs more rapidly than adults.

>the elderly typically consume m,roe drugs and have a higher incidence of drug interactions than other age groups. They also experience more physiological changes that significantly affect drug action.

>Genetic differences can cause differences in the types and amounts of proteins produced in the body, which can result in differences in drug action.
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