Study ch 10 Flash Cards

 
Pile Management Card
ch 10

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duration of action
the time drug concentration is above MEC
minimum toxic concentration(MTC)
the upper limit of the therapeutic window. Drug concentrations above the MTC increase the risk of undesired effects.
therapeutic window
a drug's blood concetraoin range between its MEC and MTC
onset of action
the time MEC is reached and the response occurs.
Minimum effective concentration (MEC)
the blood concentration needed for a drug to produce a response.
biopharmaceutics
the study of the factors associated with drug products and physiological processes, and the resulting systemic concentrations of the drugs.
active transport
the movement of drugs from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Clellular energy is required.
absorption
the movement of a drug from the dosage formulation to the blood.
gastric emptying time
the time a drug will stay in the stomach before it is emptiedabsorption into the small intestine.
complexation
when diff molecules associate or attach to each other.
protein binding
the attachment of a drug molecule to a plasma or tissue protein, effectively making the drug inactive, but also keeping it within the body.ll
enterohepatic cycling
the transfer of drugs and their metabolites from the liver to the bile in the gallbladder, then into the intestine, and then back into circulation.
enzyme inhibition
the decrease in hepatic enzyme activity that results in reduced metabolism of drugs.
metabolite
the substance resulting from the body's transformation of an administered drug.
glomerular filtration
the blood filtering process of the nephron
nephron
the functional unit of the kidneys.
therapeutic equivalent
pharmaceutical equivalents that produce the same effects in patients,
pharmaceutical alternative
drug products that contain the same active ingredient, but not necessarily in the same salt form, amount, or dosage form.
pharmaceutical equivalent
drug products that contain identical amounts of the same active ingredient in the same dosage form.
site of action
the location where an administered drug produces an effect.
selective (action)
the characteristic of a drug that makes its action specific to certain receptors
receptor
the cellular material which interacts with the drug
protein binding
the attachment of a drug molecule to a protein, effectively making the drug inactive.
passive diffusion
the movement of drugs from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.
first-pass metabolism
the substantial degradation of an orally administered drug caused by enzyme metabolism in the liver before the drug reaches the systemic circulation.
enzyme induction
the increase in enzyme activity that results in greater metabolism of drugs.
bioequivalence
the comparison of bioavailability between two dosage forms.
bioavailability
the relative amount of an administered dose that reaches the general circulation and the rate at which this occurs.
antagonist
drugs that bind with receptors but do not activate them.
agaonist
drugs taht activate receptors to accelerate or sow noraml cellular function.
Bioequivalence
>the amount of a drug that is available to the site of action and the rate at which it becomes available is called the bioequivalence of the drug.

> Bioequivalent drug products are pharmaceutical equivalents or alternatives which have essentially the same rate and extent of absorption when administered in the same dose of the active ingredient under similar conditions.

>pharmaceutical equivalents are drug products that contain identical amounts of the same active ingredient in the same dosage form, but may contain diff inactive ingredient's.

>Pharmaceutical alternative are drug products that contain the identical active ingredient, but not necessarily in the same salt form, same amount ,or dosage form.
Excretion
The kidneys filter the blood and remove wastes, drugs, and metabolites fromt eh body.

>Urinary excretion= glomerular filtration+renal secretion-urinary re absorption.
Metabolism
Enzymes catalyze the transformation of drugs to metabolites. most metabolites are inactive molecules that are excreted.
Distribution
Many drugs bind to proteins in bloods plasma to form a complex that is too large to penetrate biological membranes, essentially making the drug inactive.
Absorption
one of the primary factor affecting oral drug absorption is the gastric emptying time.
ADME processes and diffusion
>Blood concentration are the result of four simultaneously occurring processes: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (the ADME) processes.

>Besides the four ADME processes, a critical factor of drug concentration and effect is how drugs move though biological membranes. Most drugs penetrate biological membranes by passive diffusion.
Concentration and effect
>To produce an effect, a drug must achieve a minimum effective concentration (MEC). This is when there is enough drug at the site of action to produce a response.

>The range between the minimum effective concentration and the minimum toxic concentration is called the therapeutic window. when concentrations are in this range, most patients receive the maximum benefit from their drug therapy with a minimum risk.

>Therapeutic drug monitoring can be useful when blood concentration of the drug reflects the concentration at the site of action.
How drugs work
>The objective is to deliver the right drug, in the right concentration, to the right site of action, and at the right time to produce the desired effect.

>Only those drugs able to bind chemically to the receptors in a particular site of action can produce effects in that site. This is why specific ells only respond to certain drugs.
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