Study Chem of Microbio Flash Cards

 
Pile Management Card
Chem of Microbio

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ATP; Why so much energy in one of its covalent bonds?
Adenosine Triphophate

Used by breaking covalent bond between 2nd & 3rd phosphate. The bonds contain so much energy because phosphate is a polyatomic ion with a charge of -3. Because like charges oppose each other, it takes high amounts of energy to stick them together.
Ways to describe protein structure
Amino acids connected by peptide bonds.

Primary structure: sequence of amino acids
Secondary structure: helix or sheet, formed only by hydrogen bonds
Tertiary structure: 3D, what structure looks like
Quaternary structure: 2 or more polypeptides interact to form a large, multi-unit protein (ex. hemoglobin)
Monosaccharide vs. Polysaccharide
Saccharide (sugar)

Monosaccharide is a simple polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone molecule containing from 3 to 7 carbons (Ex. Glucose)

Polysaccharide is a polymer of 5 or more monosaccharides bound in linear or branched chain patterns (Ex. Starch)
Phospholipid
(Amphipathic) Serves as major structural component for cell membrane; contain 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol, and third glycerol site holds to a phosphate group, which holds to an alcohol; hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail -> heads attracted to water, tails attracted to each other, forming bilayers.
Oxidizing Agent vs. Reducing Agent
Oxidizing agents are atoms that can receive extra e- and thereby oxidize another molecule.

Reducing agents are atoms that can donate e- and thereby reduce another atom.

OIL RIG= oxidizing is losing e-, reducing is gaining e-
What makes a molecule polar?
When atoms of different electronegativity form covalent bonds, the e- will not be shared equally and are pulled more toward one atom than another (Ex. H2O)
Hydrogen Bond
Bond of attraction between molecules (H and either O or N in polar molecules). Weakest bond)
Ionic Bond
E- are transferred completely from one atom to another and are not shared (when 2 atoms perfectly complement eachother's valence Ex. NaCl)
Covalent Bond
When 2 atoms share e- rather than donate or receive them. Strongest bond.
Importance of valence
Capacity for making bonds with other atoms, determined by he number of e- that an atom has to lose or share with other atoms. Atoms with filled outer orbital are more stable (partially filled outer orbitals are less stable)

C= 4
N= 3
O= 2
H= 1
Electron
Subatomic particles with a negative charge

Mass= 1
Proton
Subatomic particles with a positive charge

Mass= 1
Phosphodiester Bond
Covalent bond between phosphate and sugar
Basic structure of RNA
Single strand of nucleotides, but unlike DNA, containing ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose and uracil instead of thymine
Basic structure of DNA
Double helix; formed by two very long polynucleotide strands linked along their length by hydrogen bonds between complementary pairs of nitrogen bases
Basic structure of a nucleotide
Consists of a phosphate, a sugar (ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA), and a nitrogenous base such as adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine or uracil
Peptide Bond
A covalent bond between two amino acids that forms between the amine group of one and the carboxyl group of the other. Basic bond of proteins
Basic structure of an amino acid
20 different naturally occurring forms.

Have a base skeleton consisting of a carbon linked to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), a hydrogen atom (H) and a variable R group.
Calculate Molarity
M=moles solute/L


NEED EXAMPLE
Solvent vs. Solute vs. Solution
Solvent: dissolving medium (water)

Solute: substance being dispersed/dissolved in a medium

Solution: mixture of one or more solutes in a solvent
Acid vs. Base
Acid: releases excess hydrogen ions (H+); pH below 7
Base: releases excess hydroxide ions (OH-); pH above 7
Anion vs. Cation
Anions are negatively charged ions, whereas cations are positively charged ions.
Atomic Weight
Average mass numbers of all isotopic forms of an atom. Uneven mass numbers means there are isotopic forms
Orbital
Pathways which the e- of an atom rotate around the nucleus. Not actual objects or exact locations but represent volumes of 3D space in which an e- is likely to be
How is an atom's charge balanced?
The stability of atomic structure is largely maintained by the mutual attraction of the p+ and e-, and the exact balance of p+ number and e- number, which causes the opposing charges to cancel each other out
Atom
A tiny particle that can't be subdivided into smaller substances without losing its properties
Molecule
A distinct chemical substance that results from the combination of 2 or more atoms
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