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Pile Management Card
biology final

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mutagen
any agent that can cause a change in DNA
chromosomal mutation
a structural change in the chromosome
frame shift mutation
when a single base pair is added or deleted from DNA
point mutation
a change in a single base pair in DNA
mutation
is any change in the DNA sequence
translation
the process of converting information
codon
a group of nitrogenous bases
transcription
the process where enzymes make a RNA copy of a DNA strand
tRNA
is the supplier
rRNA
binds the mRNA and uses the instructions to assemble amino acids
mRNA
brings instructions from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm
double helix
is the two strands of DNA
nitrogenous base
a carbon ring ring structure that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen
non disjunction
the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly
genetic recombination
the re assortment of chromosomes
crossing over
when genetic material is exchanged
sexual reproduction
a pattern of reproduction
diploid
two of each kind of chromosome
the law of independent assortment states....
genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other
heterozygous
when both alleles differ
homozygous
when both alleles are the same
genotype
the allele combination in an organism
phenotype
the way an organism looks and behaves
the law of segregation states...
every individual has two alleles for each gene and when gametes are produced each gamete receives one of the alleles
alleles
different gene forms
hybrid
the offspring of parents that have different forms of a trait
pollination
the transfer of pollen grains from a male reproductive system to a female reproductive system in a plant
zygote
the fertilized cell
fertilization
when gametes unite
gametes
male and female sex cells
genetics
the branch of biology that studies heredity
traits
characteristics that are inherited
heredity
the passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring
alcoholic fermentation
used by yeast cells and some bacteria to produce carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol
lactic acid fermentation
one of the processes that supplies energy when oxygen is scare
citric acid cycle
also called the Krebs cycle
is a series of chemical reactions similar to the Calvin Cycle
glycolysis
a series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell that breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
cellular respiration
the process by which mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP
the Calvin Cycle
the second phase of photosynthesis which does not use sunlight
photolysis
the reaction that splits water to replace lost electrons
electron transport chain
a series of proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane
chlorophyll
absorbs most wavelengths of sunlight except green
pigments
molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of sunlight
light-independent reactions
produce simple sugars
light-dependent reactions
converts light energy into chemical energy
Photosynthesis
the process that uses the sun's energy to make simple sugars
ATP
an energy storing molecule
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