Study Biology Exam 2 Flash Cards

 
Pile Management Card
Biology Exam 2

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this scientist constructed the telescope and the and was the first to see living things in a water drop
Anton van Leewenhoek
concluded that all animals are made of cells
theodor schwann
concluded that all plants are made of cells
Matthias Schledien
in 1665, this scientist used one of the first light microscopes to look at thin slices of plant tissue. he saw thousands of tiny chambers that looked like cells of a monestary room so he named them cells
Robert Hooke
substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
catatlyst
element or compound produced by a chemical reaction
product
process that changes one set of chemical sinto another set of chemicals
chemical reaction
compound with an amino gorup on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end
amino acids
single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose
ribonucleic acid
large macromolecule formed form monosaccrides
polysaccharide
large compound formed from combinations of many monomers
polymer
macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes
protein
compound made up of carbonm hydroenm and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body
carbohydrates
group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
organ system
group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions
organ
double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes
lipid bilayer
proces in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell
phagosytosis
the ingestion of dissolved materials by endocytosis
pinocytosis
process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
exosytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
endocytosis
energy requiring process that moves materials across a cell emebrane against a concentration difference
active tranport
movement of specific molecules across cel membranes thorugh protein channels
facilitated diffusion
property of biological membranes that allows only certain substances to pass through them
selective permiability
when the concentrations of water is eual on both sides
isotonic
when water moves across the membrane and into the cell
hypotonic
when water moves across the membrane and out of the cell
hpertonic
diffusion of water througha selectively permeable memnbrane
osmosis
when both sides of the membrane have a equal concentration
equilibrium
process by which molecules tend to move form an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
diffusion
strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algaem and some bacteria
cell wall
idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure adn function in living things, and new cells are produced form existing cells
cell theory
one of two tiny stuctures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope
centriole
organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that uses eneryg form sunlight to make energy-rich food
chloroplasts
cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell
lysosomes
cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
vacuoles
reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
substrate
energy needed to get a reaction started
activation energy
element or compound that enters into a chemical reaction
reactant
protein that acts as a biological catatlyst
enzyme
nucleic acid that contains sugar deoxyribose
deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)
monomer od nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
nucleotide
single sugar molecule
monosaccharide
small unit taht can join together with other small units to form polymers
monomers
macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
nucleic acid
macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms
lipids
group of similar cells that perform a particular function
tissue
sperate roles for each type of cell in multicellular organisms
cell specialization
cell organelle that releases energy form stored food molecules
mitochondria
the part of the endoplasmic riticulum taht is involved in the synthesis of proteins
rough ER
contains collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks, such as the synthesis of lipids and they do not have ribosomes on its surface
smooth ER
internal membrane system in cells in which components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified
endoplasmic reticulum(ER)
stack of membranes in the cell in which enzymes attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins
golgi apperaratus
small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein
ribosome
small, dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of ribosomes begins
nucleolus
threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one gerneration of cells to the next
chromosomes
granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly colied around proteins
chromatin
double-membrane layer that surrounds the nucleus of the cell
nuclear envelope
large structure inside some cells that contains the cell's genetic material(DNA) and controls the cell's activities
nucleus
specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell
organelle
long, thin fiber that functions in the movement and support of the cell
microfilaments
hollow tube of protein that maintains cell shape and can also serve as a "track" along which organelles are moved
microtubules
network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cel movement
cytoskeleton
material inside the cell membrane-- but not including the nucleus
cytoplasm
thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell
cell membrane
single-celled mircoorganisms that lacks a nucleus
prokaryotic cells
organism whose cells contain nuclei
eukaryotic cells
collection of living matter enclosed by a carrier that separates the cell from its surroundings; basic unit of all forms of life
cell
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