Study ch 19 and 21 history Flash Cards

 
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ch 19 and 21 history

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19th amendment
wilson allowed women to vote
Alice Paul
broke away from the NAWSA to take a more militant approach; focused on winning the support of Congress and the president for an amendment to the Constitution; formed national Woman's Party
carrie chapman catt
energetic reformer who became the new president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association; argued for the vote as a broadening of democracy which would empower women and enable them to care for their families in an industrial society
national urban league
formed in 1911 to help those migrating from the South to northern cities; reflected its emphasis on self-reliance and economic advancement
National Association for the Advancement of colored people
NAACP; founded by Du Bois, other members of the Niagara movement, and a group of white progressives; mission- to abolish all forms of segregation and increase educational opportunities for African Americans
WEB DuBois
Demanded equal rights for African Americans’ argued that political and social rights were a prerequisite for economic independence; militant demands
Booker T. Washington
most influential African American at the turn of the century; head of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama; argued that blacks’ needs for education and economic progress were of foremost importance, and that they should concentrate on learning industrial skills for better wages, and only when this happened could they realize their other goal of political and social equality
Niagara movement
W.E.B. DuBois met with a group of black intellectuals to discuss a program of protest and action aimed at securing equal rights for blacks
urban migration
ratio of black population shifted toward the north
What motivated their decision to leave the south?
1) deteriorating race relations 2) destruction of their cotton crops by the boll weevil 3) job opportunities in northern factories
Federal Farm Loan ACt 1916
12 regional federal farm loan banks were established to provide farm loans at low interest rates
federal trade commission
new regulatory agency empowered to investigate and take action against any unfair trade practice in every industry except banking and transportation
Clayton Antitrust act 1914
strengthened the provisions in the Sherman Antitrust Act; contained a clause exempting unions from being prosecuted as trusts
Federal Reserve Act 1914
Wilson’s plan for building both stability and flexibility into the US financial system
Underwood Tariff 1913
substantially lowered tariffs for the first time in 50 years; under Woodrow Wilson; included a graduated income tax
New Freedom
Wilson’s plan in election of 1912; limit both big business and big government, bring about reform by ending corruption, and revive competition by supporting small business
New Nationalism
Roosevelt called for it in election of 1912; more government regulation of business and unions, women’s suffrage, and more social welfare programs
Bull Moose Party
Roosevelt started this party after dissenting with his old party, the Republicans; he claimed he was strong as a bull moose
Eugene v. Debs
One of the founders of the Socialist party; railway union leader who adopted socialism while jailed for the Pullman strike; critic of business and a champion of labor
Socialists
dedicated to the welfare of the working class; called for more radical reforms than the Progressives (public ownership of the railroads, utilities, and even or major industries such as oil and steel)
Joseph Cannon
Progressives became even angrier with Taft when he failed to support their effort to reduce the dictatorial powers of Congress’ leading conservative, Joe Cannon
Payne-Aldrich Tariff 1909
passed by conservative Republicans under Taft (even though Taft was supposed to be Progressive); raised the tariff on most imports
Mann-Elkins Act
gave the Interstate Commerce Commision the power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph, and cable companies
Gifford Pinchot
in charge of National Conservation Commission; caused a fight when Taft fired him
Newlands Reclamation Act 1902
provide money from the sale of public land for irrigation projects in western states
meat inspection act 1906
provided that federal inspectors visit meatpacking plants to ensure they met minimum standards of sanitation
pure food and drug act 1906
forbade manufacture, sale, and transportation of adulterated or mislabeled food and drugs
Hepburn act 1906
the commission could fix just and reasonable rates for railroads
Elkins Act 1903
ICC had greater authority to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers
Anthracite Coal Miners Strike (1902)
lack of coal (and warmth) scared many Americans; Roosevelt threatened to use troops when coal mine owners didn’t cooperate when he brought them and the union leaders to meet together
Teddy Roosevelt; Square Deal
tried to mediate the labor dispute with the coal miners by calling a union leader and coal mine owners to the White House
Hiram Johnson
fought against the economic and political power of the Southern Pacific Railroad
Charles Evans Hughes
battled fraudulent insurance companies
Tom Johnson
municipal reform of tax reform and three-cent trolley fares for the people of Cleveland, public ownership and operation of the city’s public utilities and services
one of the best known progressives
Samuel Jones
Golden Rule; Republican mayor, self-made millionaire who used to be a workingman; introduced a comprehensive program of municipal reform including free kindergartens, night schools, and public playgrounds
social welfare
worked for better schools, juvenile courts, liberalized divorce laws, safety regulations for tenements and factories, parole system, separate reformatories for juveniles, and limits on the death penalty
17th amendment
Amendment required all US senators be elected by popular vote
Robert La Follette
Progressive governor of Wisconsin; came up with direct election of senators
direct primary
bypasses politicians and places the nominating process directly in the hands of the voters
Australian ballot
secret ballot
muckraking
Informing the public about the dirty realities of party politics and the scandalous conditions of factories and slums
scientific management
Way of organizing people in the most efficient manner in factories
pragmatism
Practical and balanced; James Dewey was a pragmatist that argued the good and true could not be known in the abstract as fixed and changeless ideals
Henry Demarest Lloyd
one of the earliest muckrakers
Frederick Taylor
scientific management
william James and John Dewey
leading pragmatist
Dingley Tariff (1897)
made gold the official standard of the US currency
Mark Hanna
did most of the work campaigning for McKinley, and he was the financial power behind the campaign
William McKinley
Republican presidential nominee in 1896
Gold bug Democrats
wanted gold as currency
Free silver
using silver for money as well, thereby raising inflation
William Jennings Bryan
Silverite speaker; Cross of Gold speech made him the Democratic nominee for president in 1896
William Harvey, Coin’s Financial School
Poor Americans’ troubles were caused by a conspiracy of rich bankers, and prosperity would return if only the government coined silver in unlimited quantities
Coxey's Army
A march to Washington by thousands of the unemployed led by Populist Jacob Coxey; demanded the federal government spend $500 million on public works programs to create jobs; leaders arrested, others went home
Gold drain
gold reserve low because a loss in value of silver caused many investors to trade their silver dollars for gold dollars
Panic of 1893
Stock marker crashed as a result of overspeculation; dozens of railroads went bankrupt as a result of overbuilding
Omaha platform
Populist political platform; called for both political and economic reforms
politically, it demanded the restoration of government to the people by means of direct popular election of US senators, and enacting of state laws by voters themselves
economically, they advocated unlimited coinage of silver to increase the money supply, a graduated income tax, public ownership of railroads by the US government, telegraph and telephone systems owned and operated by the government, loan and federal warehouses for farmers to stabilize prices, and an 8-hr work day
Populist Party
members of the Farmers’ Alliances who were discontent with Republican setbacks of 1890; wanted to do something about the concentration of economic power in the hands of trusts and bankers
Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)
outlawed combinations in restraint of trade
McKinley Tariff (1890)
raised the tax on foreign products to a peacetime high
Veterans' pensions
increased during the presidency of Harrison and the control of Republicans in Congress
Benjamin Harrison
republican candidate in election of 1888; supporter of a high tariff
Bland-Allison Act (1878)
compromise law; allowed only a limited coinage of silver each month at the standard silver to gold ratio of 16 to 1
Crime of 1873
Congress stopped coining silver
James B. Weaver
member of the Greenback party elected to Congress; future leader of the Populist Party
Greenback party
supporters of paper money
Pendleton Act
set up Civil Service Commission and created a system by which applicants for classified federal jobs would be selected on the basis of their scored on an exam; prohibited civil servants from making political contributions
"Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion"
label for the Democrats in the election of 1884
Grover Cleveland
Democrat nominee in election of 1884; Honest, frugal, conscientious, uncompromising; fathered an illegitimate child; Jeffersonian Democrat; new civil service system
James G. Blain
reshaped Republicans from an antislavery party into a well-organized, business-oriented party; connected with railroad scandal and other corrupt dealings
Thomas Reed
Speaker of the House in 1890 and instituted an autocratic rule over the House that took years to break
Chester A. Arthur
Stalwart VP, succeeded Garfield; distanced himself from Stalwarts, supported a bill reforming civil service, and approved the development of a modern American navy; began to question high protective tariff; not renominated
James Garfield
Halfbreed with a Stalwart vice president; Republican; Besieged by Republicans seeking federal jobs; spoils system caused problems; shot by a Stalwart
Rutherford B. Hayes
winner of disputed election of 1876; ended Reconstruction and attempted to reestablish honest government after the corrupt Grant administration; cut of flow of liquor to the White House and vetoed efforts to restrict Chinese immigration
Mugwumps
led by James G. Blaine, rival of Stalwarts
Halfbreeds
Republicans who did not play the patronage game and supported neither the Stalwarts nor the Mugwumps
Stalwarts
led by Roscoe Conkling
Roscoe Conkling
powerful leader of Republican party by dictating who in the Republican ranks would be appointed to lucrative jobs in the New York Customs House
Gilded Age
time of forgettable presidents, politicians who largely ignored problems arising from the growth of industries and cities, and major parties who avoided taking a stand on controversial issues
Solid South- solid Democratic area
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