Study History Midterm 1920s Flash Cards

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History Midterm 1920s

The Volstead Act implemented the 18th Amendment. It established illegal alcohol at above .5%. 1) banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol.

18th amendment–

Roosevelt drafted this Act when he noticed that decades of rapid industrial growth had destroyed much of the limited natural resources of the land. It insured that all natural resources would be managed by experts. Funding came from public-land sales and was used to build irrigation projects.

Newlands Reclamation Act–

Progressive policy of Theodore Roosevelt--1912 Progressive party platform--favored a more active government role in economic and social affairs--favored continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions and the growth of powerful regulatory agencies in Washington--favored women's suffrage and social welfare programs (including minimum-wage laws and "socialistic" social insurance

New Nationalism –

an economic tool devised late in the 1800's. It was pioneered by men such as Andrew Carnegie of the steel industry and John Rockefeller of the oil industry. The purpose of this is to eliminate competition in business. One powerful company will have control of the stocks of many smaller companies in the same line of business, creating a monopoly. The monopoly allows price-fixing and benefits all companies involved. Were outlawed in the early 1900's.

Trust –

The president of the United States from 1929 to 1932 He was a republican who ran on a campaign of prohibition and prosperity. The early years of his presidency brought about a great deal of prosperity for the United States. Many people blamed him for the stock market crash. He was the head of the Food Administration during World War I. He became the Secretary of Commerce and encouraged businesses to regulate themselves. Hoover was a Republican known for his integrity who won the election of 1928

Herbert Hoover–

– one of the best liked men of the generation, he was spineless and a bad judge of character. He is compared to Grant because his term in office was scandalous. Many corporations could expand, antitrust laws were ignored, and he achieved disarmament with the Open Door in China. The tariff increased also. He died on August 2, 1923 of pneumonia and thrombosis while making speeches.

Warren G. Harding

became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known
for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.

Calvin Coolidge–

He was Secretary of the Interior during Harding's administration, and was a scheming anticonservationist. He was convicted of leasing naval oil reserves and collecting bribes, which was called the Tea Pot Dome scandal.

Albert Fall–

They were both convicted of murdering a Massachusetts paymaster and his guard in 1921. They were supported by Liberals and Radicals. The case lasted 6 years and resulted in execution based on weak evidence. Mainly because Americans were xenophobic (afraid of foreigners).

Sacco and Vanzetti– Nicola Sacco was a shoe-factory worker and Bartholomew Vanzetti was a fish peddler.

Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."

A. Mitchell Palmer–

was the leader of the United Mine Workers. He also formed the CIO (Committee for Industrial Organization). He led a "sit-down" strike on General Motors at Flint, Michigan in 1936. Unionists from the Republic Steel Co. wanted to join the CIO, and a fight broke out in 1937 called the

John L. Lewis–

He was the democrat nominee chosen to run for the presidency against Harding in the 1920 election. His vice-presidential running mate was Franklin Roosevelt.

James Cox–

He ran for president in the 1928 election for the Democrat Party. He was known for his drinking and he lost the election to Herbert Hoover. Prohibition was one of the issues of the campaign. He was the first Roman Catholic to run for president, and it was during a time many people were prejudice toward Catholics.

Alfred Smith–

–He ran for president in the 1928 election for the Democrat Party. He was known for his drinking and he lost the election to Herbert Hoover. Prohibition was one of the issues of the campaign. He was the first Roman Catholic to run for president, and it was during a time many people were prejudice toward Catholics.

Alfred Smith

– The annual immigration ceiling of 150,000 is made permanent, with 70 percent of admissions slated for those coming from northern and Western Europe, while the other 30 percent are reserved for those coming from Southern and Eastern Europe. 1) Reduced the number of immigrants allowed into the US to 150,000 per year.

National Origins Act 1929

– was passed in 1924--cut quotas for foreigners from 3 % to 2% of the total number of immigrants in 1890--purpose was to freeze America's existing racial composition (which was largely Northern European) --prevented Japanese from immigrating, causing outrage in Japan.

Immigration Act 1924

– This law restricted immigration to 3% of each nationality that was in the United States in 1910.

Emergency Quota Act 1921

This said that the United States would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were taken over by force. (This doctrine is related to Japanese aggression in Manchuria in 1931)

Hoover-Stimson Doctrine–

– (Pact of Paris), which said that all nations that signed would no longer use war as offensive means.

Kellog-Briand Pact

–between Britain, Japan, France and the United States replaced the 20-year old Anglo-Japanese Treaty and preserved the status quo in the Pacific. The Hardingites were satisfied with the final results of disarmament of the navy although no restrictions had been placed on small warships, and the other powers churned ahead with the construction of cruisers, destroyers, and submarines. 1) Bound Britain, Japan, France, and the U.S to preserve the status quo in the Pacific, replaced the20-year-old Anglo-Japanese Alliance.

4 Power Treaty

–of 1922 stated that the British and Americans would refrain from fortifying their Far Eastern possessions, including the Philippines. The Japanese were not subjected to such restraints in their possessions. 1) of 1922 embodied Hughes’s ideas on ship ratios, but only after Japanese received compensation.

5 Power Treaty

Treaty of 1922 kept the open door open in China.

9 Power Treaty– The Nine-Power

– 1921-1922 was a meeting between most major world powers. This conference was for the disarmament of these countries. This meeting also prevented the U. S. and Britain from fortifying their Far East possessions and established the Four Power treaty. The major powers promised to preserve the status-quo in the Pacific. Reduced the number of large battleships for the major powers.

Washington Conference

– Began as a protective measure to assist farmers, but turned out to be the highest protective tariff in the nation's peace time history. It raised the duty on goods from 38.5 percent to 60 percent in 1930.

Hawley-Smoot tariff

(1932) This corporation became a government lending bank. It was designed to provide indirect assistance to insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and even hard-pressed state and local governments. Under this plan, to preserve individualism, no loans were made to individuals. In the election of 1932, Hoover ran against FDR and this was part of Hoover's plan.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation–

– This kind of buying stocks was usually only used by poor and middle class people. They would buy the stock, but only pay for part of it and borrow money from the stockbrokers to pay the rest. Then when they sold the stock for a higher price, they would pay the broker off and keep the rest of the profit. This practice led to the great depression, because the banks couldn't get their money back when the stock market crashed.

Buying “on margin”

It occurred on October 29, 1929, when 16,410,030 shares of stocks were sold in a save-who-may scramble. It marked the beginning of the Great Depression.

Black Tuesday–

A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.

Ohio Gang–

One of many scandals under Harding. Involved priceless naval oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming. Albert B. Fall got Secretary of Navy, Denby to transfer valuable goods to Interior Department secretly. Harry Sinclair and Edward L Dohney were released the lands after paying a large bribe. Scandal polluted governments prestige and made public wonder about the sufficiency of government and undermined faith in courts

Dome Scandal–

In 1922, Congress passed the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law. As a result, foreign tariff 's became as high as 38.5%. This was designed to equalize the price of American and Foreign products

Fordney-McCumber Tariff–

A 12-month period over which a company budgets its spending. A fiscal year does not always begin in January and end in December; it may run over any period of 12 months. 1) A business year. 2) Government operates on July 1- June 20of the next year.

Fiscal Year–

– As a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1928, Alfred E. Smith had no serious opposition, and he was nominated on the first ballot. In the election, he was defeated by Herbert Hoover.

Election of 1928

Coolidge was chosen by the Republicans again in 1924 , while
Democrats nominated John W. Davis after 102 ballots in Madison Square
Garden. Senator Robert La Follette led the Progressive Party as the third party candidate. He gained the endorsement of the American Federation of Labor and the shrinking Socialist Party, and he actually received 5 million votes. However, Calvin Coolidge easily won the election.

Election of 1924–

– The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920
Wilson proposed to settle the treaty issue in the upcoming presidential campaign of 1920 by appealing to the people for a "solemn referendum." The Republicans chose Senator Warren G. Harding as their presidential nominee. Their vice-presidential nominee was Governor Calvin Coolidge. The Republican platform appealed to both pro-League and anti-League sentiment in the party. Democrats nominated pro-League Governor James. M. Cox as their presidential hopeful and chose Franklin D. Roosevelt as their vice-presidential nominee. Warren Harding won Harding's victory lead to the death of the League of Nations.

Election of 1920

erupted in the early 1920's. The American public was scared that communism would come into the US. Left-winged supporters were suspected. This fear of communism helped businessman who used it to stop labor strikes.

Red Scare–

Calvin Coolidge's running mate, Charles Dawes is largely responsible for this ; an attempt to pay off the damages from WWI. This intricate monetary "merry-go-round", as it was often called, gave money to Germany who then paid France and Britain for debts of the war. Former allies then paid the U.S. When the Depression hit, the "merry-go-round" stopped. Finland was the only nation to pay off their debts to the very last penny in 1976. The U.S. never received the money it was owed.

Dawes Plan–

Governor Coolidge came into nationwide prominence during the. He let the mayor handle the problem until the police left their posts and disorders arose. Then he summoned the state guard to keep order. To a protest by a labor leader he replied: "There is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, any time. He appointed an entire new police force and fired all the current police.

Boston Police Strike–

–In 1920, it was passed, giving all American women the right to vote.

19th Amendment

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