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Pile Management Card
Reconstruction

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Booker T. Washington
graduated from hampton Institue;
established an industrial and agricultural school at Tuskegee, Alabama

organized the National Negro Business League
ida b. wells, editor of the Memphis Free Speech, a black newspaper
devoted her efforts to campaigning against lynching and the Jim Crow laws later carried her work to the North due to discrimination
bishop henry turner
formed the international migration society in 1894 to help american blacks emigrate to africa
economic discrimination of af ams
kept out of skiled trades and factory jobs
treatments of black in the courts
-barred from serving in juries
-they were given stiffer penalties than whites
-accused of crimes and not given a court-ordered sentence
black voters were registered in 1896 but were denied their rights to vote
-literacy tests
-poll taxes
=grandfather clauses, allowed a man to vote only if his g'father had cast ballots in the elections b4 reconstruction
JIM CROW LAWS
segregation laws adopted by S
-bathrooms, drinking fountains, parkbenches
Plessy V. Ferguson
supreme court upheld a louisiana law requiring seperate but equal accomidations for white and black passengers on RR
-did not violate 14th amendment
Supporters of Redeemers
1. business community
2. white supremacists who favored policies of segregating public facilities for blacks
FARMERS' S ALLIANCE CLAIMED 1MIL MEMBERS

COLORED FARMER'S NATIONAL ALLIANCE 250,000 MEMBERS
both rallied behind political reforms to solve farmers' economic props
Causes of S poverty
S had a late start at industrialization

poorly educated work force

small number of S had technological skills for industry
S had large agricultural section but was poorest region b/c
-N financing dominated S economy
-N investors controlled 3/4 of S's RR and had control of S steel industry
-profits from new inudstries went to N banks
S had large agricultural section but was the poorest region b/c:
N financing dominated S economy and N investors controlled 3/4 of S RR and had control of S steel industry
RR gave boost to New S
RR companies converted to the standard gauge rails used in N & W

an integrated rail network was established
*local govs helped spur growth by offering tax exemptions to attract investors to start new industries
*cheap labor was incentive for businesses to locate in the New South
Henry Grady
editor of the Atlanta Constitution. he spread the new south with editorials that argued for economic diversity and laissez faire capitalism
S had large agricultural section but was the poorest region b/c:
N financing dominated S economy and N investors controlled 3/4 of S RR and had control of S steel industry
RR gave boost to New S
RR companies converted to the standard gauge rails used in N & W

an integrated rail network was established
*local govs helped spur growth by offering tax exemptions to attract investors to start new industries
*cheap labor was incentive for businesses to locate in the New South
Henry Grady
editor of the Atlanta Constitution. he spread the new south with editorials that argued for economic diversity and laissez faire capitalism
effects of COMPROMISE OF 1877
Hayes withdrew troops from protecting blacks

supreme court struck down reconstruction laws that protected blacks from discrimination
COMPROMISE OF 1877

Hayes would be Pres if:
1. ended federal support for Republicans in South
2. support the building of Southern transcontinental RR
ELECTION OF 1876
Repub nominated Rutherford B. Hayes, gov or OHIO
Dem chose Samuel J. Tilden, NY's gov

dem won popular votes but all electoral votes went to hayes
federal troops withdrew from all S states and Democrats returned power to ex Confederate states except:
S Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana
AMNESTY ACT OF 1872
removed the last of the restrictions on ex-Confederate states except for top leaders
-allowed S conservatives to vote for Democrats to retake control of state gov
FORCE ACTS of 1870-71
gave power to federal authorities to stop KKK violence and protect South's civil rights of citizens
KKK
founded by Nathaniel Bedford Forest
-burned black-oiwned buildings and murdered freedmen to keep them from voting
Who took control of state gov
S conservaties aka redeemers
PANIC OF 1873
overspeculation by financiers and overbuilding by industry and RR led to business failures and depression

Grant vetoed a bill calling for the release of additional Greenbacks
ELECTION OF 1872
Reform-minded Republicans and Democrats selected Horace Greenly, editor of Ny Tribune

Liberal Republicans advocated civil service reform, end of RR subsidies, withdrawal of troops from S, reduced tariffs and free trade

GRAND WAS REELECTED
CORRUPTION
tweed ring
stole $200 million from Ny's taxpayers

NY Times and Thomas Nast exposed "Boss" Tweed and brought about his arrest and impresonment
CORRUPTION
whiskey ring
federal revenue agents conspired with liquor industry to defraud government of millions in taxes
CORRUPTION
credit mobilier affair
-insiders gave stock to members of Congress to avoid investigation of hte profits they were making
-from gov subsidies for building transcontinental railroad
CORRUPTION
wall street financiers
JAY GOULD AND JAMES FISK
w/ help of Grant's bro in law

corned gold market.
-Treasurey Dept broke scheme but not b4 gould made huge profit.
RISE OF THE SPOILS MEN
leadership of Republican party was passed from reformers to political manipulators

reformers: Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, and Ben wade

manipulators: Roscoe Conklin of NY and James Blaine of Maine
THE NORTH DURING RECONSTRUCTION
main concerns?
rr, steel, labor problems, and money
SHARECROPPING
landlord provided the seed and farm supplies in return for a share of harvest
-dependent of landowners
BUILDING BLACK COMMUNITIES
education
paid educated blacks to teach
black colleges: howard, atlandta, fisk and morehouse trained black ministers and teachers
BUILDING BLACK COMMUNITIES
black churches
negro baptist and african methodist episocopal churches

black ministers were leading figures
BUILDING BLACK COMMUNITIES
what freedom meant to South
reuiniting families, learning to read and write, migrating to free cities, acheiving independence from whites
REPUBLICANS failures
took bribes from contractors
REPUBLICANS accomplishments
-liberized state constitutions in the S by providing for universal male suffrage, property rights for women, debt relief, and modernized penal codes
-promoted the building of roads, bridges, rr, and internal improvements
-established state constitutions (hospitals and asylums)
-established state supported public schools
-tax systems were overhauled and bonds were issued
Republicans during control of S state politics
-abused power for selfish ends
-governed responsibly in public interest
African American legislators

SENATORS
Blanche K. Bruce

Hiram Revels

& 12 black representatives to Congress
Why did North go South after war?
1. investors were interested in setting up businesses
2. missionaries and teachers had humanitarian goals
3. some stole
SCALAWAGS (S Repub) & CARPETBAGGERS (N newcomers)
Democratic opponents gave nicknames to Repub rivals
In every S gov except one, whites were in the majority in both houses of the legislation
exception was South Carolina, where freedmen controlled lower house
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1875
equal accomodations in public places and prohibited courts from excluding African Americans from juries
-law was poorly enfordced b/c moderate and conservative Republicans were frustrated with trying to reform a unwilling south
-Repubs afraid of losing white votes in North
15TH AMENDMENT
Prohibited any state from denying or abridging a citizen's right to vote on account of race or color
ELECTION OF 1868
Democrats nominated: Horatio Seymour
Republicans nominated: Ulysses S. Grant
TENURE OF OFFICE ACT
prohibited the Pres from removing a federal official or military commander without the approval of Senate

did this b/c wanted to protect the radical repubs in Johnson's cabinet, like Secretary of War: Edwin Stanton
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
real reason: they hated him, they wanted him to get out of the way

spoken reason: charged him with high crimes and misdemeanors and dismissing Stanton
REPORT OF THE JOINT COMMITTEE
a joint commitee of the house and senate issued a report recommending that the reorganized former states of confed were not entitled to represent in congress
-those elected form the south as senators and representatives should not be permitted to take their seats
-congress, not pres, had authority to determine the conditions for allowing reconstructed states to rejoin union
-congress officially rejected the pres plan of reconstruction
RECONSTRUCTION ACTS OF 1867
PLACED SOUTH UNDER MILITARY OCCUPATION

1. divided the ex-confederate staes into 5 military districts, each under control of union army
2. increased requirements for gaining admission to union
a. an ex-Confederate state had to ratify 14th amendment
b. place guarantees in its constitution for granting the franchise (right to vote) to all adult males
CONGRESS'S PLAN OF RECONSTRUCTION CLAUSES
1. DISQUALIFIED FORMER CONFEDERATE POLITICAL LEADERS FROM HOLDING STATE OR FEDERAL OFFICES
2. REPUDIATED THE DEBTS OF DEFEATED GOVERNMENT OF CONFEDERACY
3. PENALIZED A STATE IF IT KEPT ANY ELIGIBLE PERSON FROM VOTING BY REDUCING THAT STATE'S PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS AND ELECTORAL COLLEGE
14TH AMENDMENT
1. declared all people born in the US as citizens
2. obligated the states to respect the rights of US citizens and provde them with "equal protection of laws" and "due process of law"
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1866
All African Americans became US citizens

Legal shield against S's black codes
Ben Wade, Ohio
endorsed liberal causes: women's suffrage, labor union rights, and civil rights for blacks
Thaddeus Stevens, Pennsylvania
hoped to revolutionize southern society through period of military rule in which blacks would exercise civil rights, be educated in schools operated by federal government, and would receive planter class' confiscated lands
Charles Sumner, Massachusetts
leading radical republican in senate
Division of Republics
Moderates: concerned with economic gains for the white middle class

Radicals: civil rights for blacks

majority of repubs were moderates but shifted to 1866 b/c didn't want democrat party to be dominant
Waving The Bloody Shirt
ELECTION OF 1866
radical northern Republicans to defeat southern Democrats by using impassioned oratory about bloody sacrifice designed to keep alive the hatreds and prejudices of the Civil War period.
Swing Around The Circle
ELECTION OF 1866
Johnson traveled throughout the country giving speeches that lambasted Republicans, pro-war Democrats, and blacks. Rather than drum up support, however, Johnson's coarse rhetoric hurt the Democratic Party's credibility and persuaded many northerners to vote Republican in the congressional elections of 1866.
CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
rejecting presidential reconstruction

adobpted a plan that was harsher on southern whites and more protective of blacks
JOHNSON'S VETOES
alienated moderate repubs
VETOED:
1. a bill increasing the services and protection offered by the freedmen's bureau
2. a civil rights bill that nullified the black codes and guaranteed full citizenship and equal rights to blacks
BLACK CODES
1. prohibited blacks from renting land or borrowing money to buy land
2. placed freedmen into semibondage by forcing them to sign work contracts
3. prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court
Southern Gov s of 1865
-11 S states drew up constitutions that repudiated sucession, negated debts of confed gov, and ratified 13th amendment
-none of new constitutions let blacks vote
-former leaders of confed were elected to seats in congress like alex stephens from GA
JOHNSON'S RECONSTRUCTION POLICY
similar to Lincoln's 10% policy

provided for the disfrancisement (loss of right to vote and hold office) of:
1. all former leaders and office holders of Confed
2. Confeds with $20,000 in taxable property

former Confederate leaders back in office
JOHNSON
-Only senetor from Confed state who was loyal to Union
-was S Democrat but Repub picked him as Lincoln's runningmate to encourage pro-Union Dem to vote for hte Union/Repub party
-wrong for job b/c white supremacist
LINCOLN'S LAST SPEECH
Lincoln encouraged N to accept Louisiana as a reconstructed state
-Louisiana had a constitution abolishing slavery and provided for African Am education
FREEDMAN'S BUREAU
-welfare agency that provided food, shelter, and medical aid
-resettled blacks on S farmlands (Pres Johnson let Confed owners have their farmland back)
-EDUCATION: greatest success
GENERAL OLIVER O HOWARD
WADE DAVIS BILL
50% of voters of a state to take a loyalty oath
-permitted only non-Confederates to vote for a new state constitution
-Lincoln refused to sign bill

repub in congress objected to Lincoln's 10% plan;; disloyal secessionists would rule
PROCLAMATION OF AMNESTY AND RECONSTRUCTION
-full presidential pardons to S who
1. took oath of allegiance to Union and constitution
2. accepted emancipation of slaves
-a state gov could be reestablished when 10% of voters in that state took the loyalty oath

-each S state would be required to rewrite its state constiuttion to eliminate the existence of slavery
Traeditional beliefs limited the actions of federal gov
-constitutional concepts of limited gov & states' rights discouraged nat'l leaders from taking action

-little economic help was given to S, b/c Americans believed that free people in society had oppportunity and responsibility to provide for themselves

-physical rebuilding of S was left up to states and individuals, while fed gov concentrated on political issues
*Repub in N wanted to continue the economic progress begun during war
*S aristocracy still needed a cheap labor force to work its plantations
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