Study psychology test 2 Flash Cards

 
Pile Management Card
psychology test 2

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activation-synthesis theory
-theory that dreaming results from the cortical synthesis and interpretation of neural signals triggered by activity in the lower part of the brain
-brain highly active during dreaming and activated in sending signals to random parts of brain
functional fixedness
-tendency to think of objects of only having function for which they are designed
algorithm
-a problem solving strategy guaranteed to produce a solution even if the user does not know how it works
concept
-a mental category that groups objects, relations activities, abstractions, or qualities having common properties
natural concept
-don't have sharp defining boundaries
-example: love
metal set
-tendency to try solve new problems by using the same heuristics, strategies, and rules that worked in the past on similar problems
-example: finding patterns in events
artificial concept
-has defining qualities
-example: square
taste aversion
-can happen with 1 trial
-not immediate response
heuristic
-a rule of thumb that suggests a course of action of guides problem solving but does not guarantee an optimal solution
prototype
-an especially representative example of a concept
hypnosis
-procedure in which the practitioner suggests changes in the sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behavior of the subject
-responsiveness depends more on the efforts and qualities of person being hypnotized
-hypnotized ppl cannot be forced to do things against their will
-feats performed under hypnosis can be performed by motivated ppl w/o hypnosis
-does not increase accuracy of memory
-used effectively for medical purposes
meditation
-through alpha waves
-need mental device to focus on
states of consciousness
-conscious: whats happening at the moment
-preconscious: material that is accessible (stored in file)
-unconscious: regions in mind that aren't accessible
-incubation: sleeping on it (during REM)
-insight: solution of prob comes to you without even thinking about it
physiological theories of dreaming
-dreams as unconscious wishes: Frued believed dreams provide insights to desires through symbolism
-dreams as efforts to deal with problems: dreams are more likely to contain material related to a person's current concerns and opportunity to resolve them
-dreams as thinking: emphasizes current concerns but makes no claims about problem solving
information process in REM
-improvement in memory
-enhances problem solving
REM rebound
-if sleep deprived, fall into REM faster and stay longer in REM
Rapid Eye Movement (REM)
-brain extremely active while body inactive
-paradoxical state
stages of sleep
stage 1: brain waves become small and irregular
stage 2: brain emits occasional short bursts of high peaking sleep spindle waves
stage 3:brain emits delta waves, slow waves with high peaks, breathing and pulse slowed down
stage 4: deep sleep, likely to sleepwalk
social learning
1. amount of exposure to model (more likely to imitate if around it often)
2. is model reinforced? (yes, then vicarious reinforcement)
3. perceived similarity (more likely to imitate someone who you believe is similar to yourself)
observational learning
-process in which an individual learns news responses by observing the behavior of another rather than through direct experience
secondary reinforcers
-stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through association with other reinforcers
-discriminative stimulus
-a stimulus that signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequences
timeout
-timeout from reinforcement
-intended to have same effect as punishment
-remove from opportunity of reinforcement
generalization
-after conditioning, the tendency to respond to a stimulus that resembles one involved in the original conditioning; occurs when a stimulus that resembles the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response
-in operant conditioning the tendency for a response that has been reinforced in the presence of 1 stimulus to occur in the presence of other similar stimuli
discrimination
-tendency to respond differently to two or more similar stimuli
-in classical conditioning if occurs when a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus fails to evoke the conditioned response
-in operant conditioning the tendency of a response to occur in the presence of 1 stimulus of other, similar stimuli that differ from it on some dimension
negative reinforcement
-response is followed by the removal, delay, or decrease in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus; as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur
-something pleasant may be removed
-NOT punishment
operant conditioning
-process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences
-law of affect: behaviors that are followed by pleasant state of affairs tend to increase in frequency
positive reinforcement
-response is followed by the presentation of, or increase in intensity of, a reinforcing stimulus; as a result the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur
-something unpleasant may occur following some behavior
opponent process
-conditioned response is opposite from unconditioned response
-conditioned response is opposite because brain sets up to protect from drugs
-withdrawal and tolerance
extinction
-the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response
-in classical conditioning, it occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus
-in operant conditioning it occurs when a response is no longer followed by a reinforcer
primary reinforcer
-stimulus that is inherently reinforcing, typically satisfying a physiological need
-example: food, water, light
schedules of reinforcement
-# of responses (ratio schedules)
-timing of responses (interval schedules)
-fixed schedules (fixed ratio, fixed interval)
-variable schedules (variable ratio, variable interval)
intermittent (partial) reinforcement
-a particular response is sometimes but not always reinforced
-once a response has become reliable, it will be more resistant to extinction
continuous reinforcement
-a particular response is always reinforced
-learning is usually most rapid if the response is reinforced each time it occurs
negative punishment
-punishment administered inappropriately
-recipient responds with anxiety, anger or fear
-effectiveness is temporary
-hard to punish immediately
-conveys little information
positive punishment
-should not involve physical abuse
-should be accompanied by what kind of behavior is appropriate
-should be followed by the reinforcement of a desirable behavior
shaping
-operant conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced
conditioned stimulus (CS)
-initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus
conditioned response (CR)
-response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it occurs after the conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery
-reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction
unconditioned response (UCR)
-reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
-stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning
classical conditioning
-process by which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response
-Pavlov
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