Study Honors Bio Unit 3 Vocab Flash Cards

 
Pile Management Card
Honors Bio Unit 3 Vocab

loading
mode of reproduction not involving any sex but division of a parent cell into two equally sized offspring
binary fission
a group of identical cells derived from a single parent cell
colony
fungus used to fight bacterial infections
penicillin
against life
antibiotics
something that causes diseases
pathogens
a subgroup of gram-negative bacteria, often called the purple bacteria
proteobacteria
any number of spiral shaped bacteria
spirochetes
blue-green algae, bacterium which lives in water and produces energy by photosynthesis like algae
cyanobacteria
those that do not retain crystal violet dye during the gram stain process
gram negative bacteria
those that retain a crystal violet dye during the Gram stain process
gram positive bacteria
an extreme archaebacteria which thrives in acidious, sulfur rich, high temperature environments
thermoacidophiles
organism which needs a salt-rich environment in which to grow
halophiles
bacteria that synthesize methane, requiring completely anaerobic conditions for growth
methanogens
These bacteria account for most types, they occur in many shapes and sizes and have distinct biochemical and genetic characteristics
Kingdom Eubacteria
these bacteria are differently structured than the eubacteria and the differences allow them to live in harsh environments throughout the world
Kingdom Archaebacteria
living inside or on another organism; obtaining its livelihood from another creature
parasitic
any organism that feeds on dead or decaying flesh (decomposer)
saprophyte
deriving energy from externally produced organic compounds
heterotrophic
energy is obtained from external chemical compounds
chemotrophic
able to synthesize food
autotrophic
microscopic prokaryotes most are beneficial to humans and to the environment, but a small percentage can cause disease
bacteria
polysaccharide layer secreted around the cell wall by some prokaryotes that prevents the cell from drying out and helps the cell attach to environmental surfaces
capsule
spirally twisted, aerboic bacterium
spirilla
rod-shaped or cylindrical bacterium
bacilli
spherical bacterium
cocci
state of chemical reaction in which its forward and reverse reactions occur at equal rates so that the concentratino of reactants and products does not change with time
equilibrium
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
osmosis
a plasma membrane with components constantly in motion, sliding past one another within the lipid bilayer
fluid-mosaic model
process of cellular excretion in which substances contained in vesicles are discharged from the cell by fusion of the vesicular membrane with the outer cell membrane
exocytosis
process by which certain cells can engulf droplets of fluid into the cell, followed by formation of vesicles within the cells
pinocytosis
process in which phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris; an important defense against infection
phagocytosis
energy-requiring process by which large substances from the outside environment can enter a cell
endocytosis
a kind of protein that is capable of pumping out compounds that could pose as a threat to the cell
protein pumps
energy-requiring process by which substances move across the plasma membrane against a concentration gradient
active transport
movement of a chemical substance across a cell membrane without expenditure of energy by the cell, as in diffusion
passive transport
solute concentration outside the cell is greater than the solute inside the cell
hypertonic
solute concentration outside the cell is lower than the solute inside the cell
hypotonic
concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside the cell
isotonic
pore-forming proteins that regulate the flow of ions across the membrane in all cells
ion channel
a protein that transports specific substance through intracellular compartments, into the extracellular fluid, or across the cell membrane
carrier protein
passive transport of ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane by transport proteins
facilitated diffusion
the difference in concentration of molecules of a substance from the highest to the lowest number of molecules
concentration gradient
net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
diffusion
homogeneous mixture formed when a substance (solute) is dissolved in another substance (solvent)
solution
constant random movement of molecules
brownian movement
membrane-bound vesicle for temporary storage of materials such as food, enzymes, and wastes
vacuole
a hollow, cylindrical structure in the cytoplasm of most cells, invovled in intracellular shape and transport
microtubules
narrow tubelike cell structure composed of a protein similar to actin, involved in cytoplasmic movement and changes in cell shape
microfilaments
hairlike organelles that line the surfaces of certain cells and provide locomotion by beating in rhythmic waves
cilia
long, tail-like projection with a whiplike motion that helps a cell move through a watery environment
flagellum
vesicle that uses enzymes to digest excess or worn-out cellular substances
lysosomes
organelle in the cytoplasm that functions in energy production
mitochondria
used for storage and packaging of chemicals
golgi bodies
simple cell organelle that helps manufacture proteins
site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
highly folded membrane system in eukaryotic cells that is the site for protein and lipid synthesis
endoplasmic reticulum
semifluid material inside the cell's plasma membrane
cytoplasm
polysaccharide that is the chief constituent of all plant tissues and fibers
cellulose
water-soluble colloidal carbohydrates of high molecular weight found in ripe fruit. Used to gel various products
pectin
the pectin-rich intercellular material cementing together the primary walls of adjacent plant cells
middle lamella
in plants, the rigid barrier that surrounds the outside of the plasma membrane, is made of cellulose, and provides support and protection to the cell
cell wall
semi-permeable membrane enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell
cell membrane
double-membrane organelle that captures light energy and converts it to chemical energy through photosynthesis
chloroplast
plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll usually yellow or orange carotenoids
chromoplast
organism comprising the bacteria and cyanobacteria and lacking membrane-bound organelles
prokaryotic
single-celled or multicellular organism whose cells contain a distinct membrane-bound nucleus
eukaryotic
regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm
nuclear pores
double membrane surrounding the nucleus within a cell
nuclear envelope
conspicuous, rounded body within the nucleus of the cell (plural)
nucleoli
center of atom; contains neutrons and protons. In eukaryotic cells, the central membrane-bound organelle that manages cellular functions and contains DNA
nucleus
1. organisms are made of one or more cells
2. cells are the basic unit of life
3. all cells come only from other cells
cell theory
Place this card into pile: