Study Community Exam #2 Flash Cards

 
Pile Management Card
Community Exam #2

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Environmental Health Assessment
The right to know laws
Risk assessment
assessing risk in vulnerable populations
GOAL: Decrease environmental health risks
Government Environmental Protection
Manages environmental exposures
Public education
Environmental Protection Agency, FDA, Department of Agriculture; local health department
Ethics
Essential for making ethical decisions regarding environmental health
Risk communication
The Right Information to the Right people at the Right Time
Roles for Nurses in Environmental Health
community involvement and public participation
Individual and population risk assessment
Risk communication
Epidemiologic investigations
Policy development
Macrosystem
*larger*
-culture, government, and physical environment
Microsystem
*immediate*
-family and home
Precautionary Principle
precautionary measures should be taken to protect the environment and human health
(Track cause and effect)
environmental Justice
equal protection from environmental hazards
Advocacy
responsibility to be informed consumers and advocates for citizens
4 environmental principles
(Commoner's Laws of Ecology)
1. Everything is connected to everything else
2. Everything has to go somewhere
3. The solution to pollution is dilution
4. Today's solution may be tomorrow's problem
Toxicology
the basic science that studies the health affected with chemical exposures
Mary Brewster
worked to improve the environment of the HENRY STREET NEIGHBORHOOD
-improve physical, environmental, and social conditions that affected health
Florence Nightingale (Environmental Health)
"Mother of biostatistics"
Environmental Health
Impacts disease, health status, and behavior
Protecting International Travelers
Provide info on country specific immunization requirements
travel restrictions
travel safety tips: water and food safety
Immunizations and Vaccines
State Mandates
Reportable disease oversight
STDs, Flu
Environmental Control
safe water, uncontaminated restaurant food, and proper disposal of sewage
Legislative Mandates
Reporting and safety regulations
Herd Immunity
Lower incidence of occurrence among non immunized population
Indirect Contact (Passive)
objective transmission
contaminated water, dust, or object
Direct contact
Person to Person
Physical contact (person, animal, or other infected carrier)
Communicable Disease Investigation
Identify the disease
Isolate the cause
Determine mode of transfer
Establish @ risk population
Estimate impact on population
role of nurses
Infection Control: protects others from organism
contact investigation
epidemiologic triangle
Population Safety vs. Individual Rights
-Population safety takes precedents over individual rights
-Education nd monitoring rather than quarantine
Risk for Infections Diseases
Crowded Living Arrangements
Immigrants
Patients with indwelling catheters
Disease/Illness on the Rise
Gonorrhea
TB -not always compliant with med (costly and exstensive)
Pneumonia
Syphilis
Emerging and Re-Emerging Virus
Hantavirus: Rodent species
Lyme disease: Ticks
West Nile: Mosquitoes
Avian flu: Poultry
HIV/Aids high risk groups
Men, heterosexuals, and needle drug users
Hepatitis C, D, and E
NO vaccination
Hepatitis A and B
Vaccinations are available
Polio 2 step vaccination process
cuts the risk of getting vaccine-acquired poliomyelitis in half
-1st inactivated
-2nd live oral polio vaccination
Vaccine
stimulates immune response
Antibiotics
Decreases the amount of time an infected host is contagious
-should be used to reduce the emergence of drug resistant strains
Communicable Disease control
to control spread, need to understand the elements and behaviors that facilitate spread of disease

(Quarantine, sanitation level, travel restrictions)
Infectious Disease
Major cause of death in non-industrialized on countries
Constant (K)
1,000, 10,000, or 100,000

"In order to compare results you have to have a constant"
Denominator
The population "at risk" of the occurrence or event
Numerator
The count or number of occurences of a vital event
Attack Rate
The proportion of persons exposed to an agent who develops the disease
Pandemic
present over a broad geographic area
Epidemic
INCREASED INCIDENCE over what would be expected based on past experience/trends
Endemic
ALWAYS present in the environment
Incidence vs. Prevalence
Incidence -New cases during any given time
Prevalence- ALL with the health condition (how many and which population)

"Person has to die or recover to no longer be in the prevalence date"
High Risk population for Morb/Mort
Low Income
Homeless
Minorities
contagious and chronic illnesses
Older Adults Morb/Mort
Quality of LIfe
Altering Lifestyle
Managing chronic conditions
Caregiver availability
Screening

"How are nutrients absorbed and access to food"
Adults Morb/Mort
Preventable health problems
Diet
Life Style Health Patterns
(SCREENINGS)
Adolescents/Young Adults Morb/Mort
MVA- causes the most injuries among individuals between 15 and 24
Homicide
Suicide
Lifestyle (risk factors) -Nutrition, smoking, drugs, sex, exercise
Child/School age morbidity/mortality
Vaccine-preventable disease
Accidents @ home (safety checks)
MVA (Seat belts)
Learning Disabilities
Overweight
Drug/alcohol use and abuse
Infant Mortality Rate
Indicator of health and environmental conditions
-used globally to determine health of a population
-if high, indicate unmet health need or negative health environment
Morbidity
Incidence of ILL HEALTH
Mortality
Incidence of DEATH in a population
Data Sources
Vital Statistics
-Morbidity
-Mortality
(Predict risk factors or events)
Surveillance
Surveys
Records
Experimental Trials
Hypotheses randomly assigned to experimental and control groups
"Randomized"
-prevents the skewing of results
-researcher has NO control
(initiates treatment or intervention to influence the risk or course of disease) CLINICAL TRIALS!!
Analytic Studies
Hypotheses tested (cohort; case control)
Compared diff communities
(HOW and WHY) of observed patterns
Descriptive Investigation (Secondary)
Describes the amount and distribution of the disease/health problems within a population

(Screenings-describe the extent of disease/illness/health needs)
3 types of Epidemiologic Investigation
Descriptive
Analytic Studies
Experimental Trials
Sources of Data
utilizes data to figure out whats going on
Web of Causation
-Focus on the multiple factors that influence or create the disease
-explains the relationship b/w host, agent, and environment
-explains possible influences
Epidemiology Triangle
Mission: Break at lease one side
Defines each factor as it relates to the agent

DOES NOT EXAMINE THE INTERACTION BETWEEN EACH OF THE FACTORS
Epidemiology Triangle
Agent (causes the disease) "What"

Host (organisms harboring the disease) "Who"

Environment (External Factors that cause or allow transmission) "Where"
Rehabilitation (Tertiary Prevention)
Work Therapy
retraining and education
education of the public to utilize the rehabilitated
As full employment as possible (Occupational Health)
Disability Limitation (Secondary)
Adequate treatment to stop disease process and prevent further complications
Prevent death
Early diagnosis and prompt treatment (Secondary)
Case-finding measures
Screening surveys
Selective examinations
(cure and prevent disease process, prevent the spread of communicable diseases, prevent complications, shorten period of disability)
Period of pathogenesis
Early diagnosis & prompt treatment
Disability Limitation
Rehabilitation
Specific Protection (primary)
Immunizations
Personal Hygiene
Environmental Sanitation
Protection against occupational hazards
protections against accidents
avoid allergens
protections from carcinogens
Health Promotion (Primary)
Education
Attn to personality development
Adequate housing, recreation, and working conditions
marriage counseling
sex education
Genetics
Selective health examinations
nutrition based on phases of life
Prepathogenesis Period
Health Promotion
specific Protection
Natural Disease History
a description of how that disease "behaves" and what factors affect its incidence and distribution
Three major concepts of epidemiology
Natural Disease History
Levels of prevention (Prim, Sec, Tertiary)
Multiple causation of disease
Florence Nightingale
-Used basic epidemiology to measure the rates of illness among soldiers
-Looked at how environment affected disease status
Prevalence
New AND Old cases
Incidence
NEW CASES ONLY!!
Ratio
Compares one number with another
Rate
Makes comparisons between groups
HOW......
Rate
Ratio
Incidence
Prevalence
Epidemiology Examines...
The who, when, where, why, what, and how
of an ocurrence
Health & Disease (What)
Diseases defined accurately so they can be recognized and analyzed quantitatively
(Determining what is the actual cause)
Contributing Factors
Relating to the agent
(Virus, Host, external influences)
Primary Agents
Physical, Chemical, Nutrient, Biologic, Psychological, Ergonomic
Determinants (Patterns) (Why)
Primary Agents
Contributing factors
Distribution (Patterns)
Who (Person)
-Age, Race, Gender
When (time)
-Birth cohort, Calendar time, incubation periods
Where (Place)
-common or dissimilar environment
Epidemiology is
The study of that which befalls people
(the study of the distribution and factors to determine health-related events in a population and the determinants of health
Experimental Epidemiology
Initiates a treatment or intervention to influence the risk or course of disease
Analytic Epidemiology
Investigates the causes and associations between factors or events and health
Descriptive Epidemiology
Describes a disease according to its person, place, or time
Three Types of Epidemiology
Descriptive
Analytic
Experimental
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