Study BIOL 472 Topic 15 Flash Cards

 
Pile Management Card
BIOL 472 Topic 15

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muscles of exhalation (during active exercise)
-internal intercostals
-abs
muscles of inspiration
-sternocleidomastoids
-scalenes
-external interncostals
-diaphragm
elastic connective tissue
-alveoli don't have muscle
-lung tissue cannot contract
-connective tissue b/w alveolar epithelial cells contain many elastin fibers that create elastic recoil wen lung is stretched
respiratory bronchioles
-the transition b/w airway and exchange of epithelium in lung
conducting zone
-1st 16 branches of bronchi
-no gas exchange
-trachae, bronchi, terminal bronchioles
-important for gas warming, hydration
-held open by cartilage
-bronchioles form transition b/w airways and exchange of epithelium of the lung
pharnyx
-common passageway for food, air, liquids
larnyx
led to by nasal, oral cavities and pharnyx
-epigolttis is flap over glottis opening of larnyx
-contains the vocal cords
phrenic nerve
-controls respiration rate controlled by medulla via phrenic nerve
-ennervates the diaphragm
-C3-C5
internal (sontaneous) pneumothorac
-rupture of alveoli
-air released into pleural cavity
stabbed in the back
intrathorasic pressure = atm

760 < 0 + 763

elastic recoil pressure collapses lung

-want to remove as much air from cavity as possible; plug up hole; restore slightly negative ITP
hiccup
rapid inspiration with closure of glottis
cough
-initiated in epiglottis or trachea
sneezing
-initiated in nose
-close glottis, contract abs, internal intercostals (Val Salva maneuver)
-increase interthorasic pressure
-open glottis
asthma
-bronchi constrict, can inhale 100% but can only exhale 75%
-can't exchnage air
-smooth muscle in airways constricts in response to histimine release
-can be reversed by Epinephrine release (relaxes smooth muscle)
-leukotrienes are bronchoconstrictors releases during the inflammatory response
-B2 receptors for E
hypocapnea
-low levels fo CO2
breath diving
-hyperventilation lowers pCO2
-most pCO2 gone
-lots fo O2 for diving
-supress respiration
-however, little CO2 left to tell you to breath
-can pass out b/c run out of O2 w/o CO2 there to tell you you breathe
base crisis
decrease resp rate
increase pCO2
increase acid
acid crisis
-increase resp rate
decrease pCO2
decrease acid
H+
increase will increase resp rate
pCO2
increase increases rep rate
thru H+ production
pO2
decrease increases resp rate
weak force
3 things that regulate resp
1. pO2
2. pCO2
3. H+
how to regulate blood chem?
-peripheral chemoreceptors in aorta, carotid bodies above heart (O2, H+)

-central chemreceptors: in medulla (H+)
DRG
-inspiration center
-sensitive to depression by drugs
-barbituates, morphine
Hering Breur inflation reflex
-stretch recpetors in lung tissue
-activated by large lung inflation
-sned signals to medulla to stop inspiration
ondine's curse
-poeple must breathe voluntarily
apneustic center
-in pons
-recieves signals frem cerebral cortex to override
-promote inspiration by stimulation of the medulla oblongata
ventral respiratry group
expiration center
dorsal respiraoty group
inspiration center
in medulla
phyiological dead spaces
-air that is trapped in nonfunctional or poorly functioning alveoli
anatomical dead space
-air trapped in non-gas exchange areas (bronchi, trachea, bronchioles)
dead space
-air that is in resp passages that is not used in teh gas exchange process

1. anatomical
2. physiological
active exercise expiration
-internal intercostals and abs actively contract
expiration
IAP < ITP + ERP
760 < -3 + 767

-full lungs have high ERP
-diaphragm/ external intercostals releax
-thoracic cavity decreases
inspiration
IAP > ITP + ERP
760 > -7 + 763
deflation pressure
-eleastic recoil pressure (ERP)
slightly above atm pressure
-increases when you take a deep breath
ITP
intra throasic pressure
slightly below atm pressure
-decreases when you take a deep breath
IAP
intra alveolar pressure
760mmHg
atm pressure
ALWAYS 760
pressure formula
IAP=ITP+ERP
760= -3 + 763
visceral pleura
lining outside fo lung (small amt of fluid b/w for lubrication)
parietal pleura
lining inside the thorasic cavity
ribs
hinge action on vertebrae
scalenes
-connects heads and neck to 1st 2 ribs
sternocleidomastoids
-connects head and neck to sternum
intercostals
-connects all 12 ribs
diaphragm
lines floor of thorax
2 types o alveoli
Type I Pneumocytes: gas exchange

Type II: produce surfactant; reduces surface tension of moist membranes

Dust cells: macrophages; type of macrophage found in the pulmonary alveolus
goblet cells
produce mucous
mucociliating elevator
-much of tract contains ciliated cells, sweeping upward
-moves muscus continuously to pharnyx
respiratory zone
-repiratory bronchiole thru alveoli
-gas exchange at alveolar ducts and sacs
-held open by smooth muscle
alveolar ducts and sacs
-where gas exchange occurs
bronchi
-2 primary
-left at right angle to prevent total blockage
airway path
-nasal cavitiy
-oral cavity
-pharnxy
-epiglottis (flap over glottis)
-glottis
-larnyx
-trachea
-bronchi
trachea
-supported by cartilidge rings
-not continuous
lungs located...
...in 2 separate pleural cavities in thorax
epiglottis
lid-like flap of elastic cartilage tissue covered with a mucous membrane, attached to the root of the tongue
lung anatomy
-located in 2 separate pleural cavities
-diaphragm drive system
-respiration rate controlled by medulla via phrenic nerve
-huge capillary beds for gas exchange
cellular
using O2 to burn sugars, metabolites
internal
gas exchange from peripheral capillaries to surrounding tissues
external
gas exchange from alvoli to surrounding capillaries
pulmonary
air mvt into and out of lungs
4 forms of respiration
pulmonary
external
internal
cellular
respiratory system functions
-gas exchange
-waste removal
-acid base balance
-temp/water balance
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