Study BIOL 472 Topic 12 Flash Cards

 
Pile Management Card
BIOL 472 Topic 12

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controlled peeing
-cerebral cortex inhibits
-contraction of detrusor muscle
-relaxation of sphincters
atonic peeing
-detrusor muscle tone lost
-incontinence and dribbling
urination reflex
-automatic in infants, spinal cord injuries
-detrusor muscle contracts
-internal, external sphincters relax
-bladder empties
micturition
-bladder fills
-proprioceptors maintain tonus
-parasympthatic most important
-
male urethra
-excretory and repro
-travels thru prostate
-joined by 2 ejac ducts
-membraneuos
-external urethral sphincter
-cavernous
female urethra
-excretory only
-short
-empties via gravity
-infection prone
urethra
-internal urethral sphincter (smooth muscle)
-external urethral sphrincter (skeletal muscle) for control
trigone
-2 ureter input
-1 uretrha outflow
detrusor musclce
bladder muscle
bladder
-pelvis
-male anterior to rectum
-female anterior to uterus
-detrusor musclce- smooth muscle
increased GRF
-NaCl delivery past the macula densa is increased
-macula densa sends a paracrine message to neighboring afferent arteriole
-afferent arteriole contricts
-increases resistance and decreases GFR
granular cells
-adjacent wall of afferent arteriole
-specialized smooth muscle cells
-secrete renin
-
macula densa
-modified portion of tublule epithelium
-ascending loop of henle has macula densa cells
-sense distal tubule flow
-sense BP via Cl-release paracrines that affect arteriole diameter
major calyx
surrounds the apex of the malpighian pyramids
minor to major
3 layers of ureter
-musosa, muscularis, fibrous
ureters
-paired, 10-12 inches long
-retroperitoneal
-3 layers (musosa, muscularis, fibrous)
-propels via perisaltic wave (ureters function w/o gravity)
-run obliquely thru bladder walls, form valves to prevent backflow
hypovolemia
state of decreased blood volume
when to relese ADH?
-cell shrink
-increase plasma osmolarity 1-2%
-hypovolemia
-both increase thirst and ADH release
diabetes insipidus
-excretion of large amounts of severely diluted urine
-cannot be reduced when fluid intake is reduced.
ADH
-produced by supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus
-released by posturitary gland

-if no ADH, 87% water reabsoprtion (diabetes insipidus)
-normal ADH: 98.7 water reabsorption
mas ADH: 99.7% water reabsorption
collecting duct
-permeable to water, urea
-water reabsorption w/ ADH
JG apparatus
-region where the distal tubule of teh nephron passes b/w afferent and efferent arterioles
macula densa
-specialized cells in the distal convoluted tubule wall that moniter fluid flow thru the tubule
dsital convoluted tubule
-SECRETION (K+ w/ aldosterone)
-ACIDFICATION (H+)
-REABSORPTION (Na+)

-macula densa
-JG apparatus
counter current exchanger
-vasa recta + pertubular capiallaries
salty intserstium
-is not washed out
peritubular capiallaries
-surround the tubule
-from efferent capillaries
vasa recta
-long peritubular capillaries that dip into medulla
loop of Henle
-CONCENTRATION
-creates salt interstitium
-"counter current multiplier"
-thin descending limb: water permeable
-thick ascending limb: Na+ permeable
proximal convoluted tubule
-85% reabsorption of water, Na, AA, glucose
-glucose coupled w/ Na+ transport
-tubular maximum (Tm)= 375 mg/dL for men
300 for women
Bowman's capsule
-collects fluid from Glomerulus
efferent arteriole
-outgoing flow from glomerulus
-onyl kidney has capillaries drained by arteriole
-smooth muscle
-activated by Angiotensin II
afferent arteriole
-incoming blood flow into glomerulus
-smooth muscle
-resistant to Angiotensin II
medangial cell
-surround glomular cpaillaries
-can contract and alter blood flow through caps
-
glomerulus filtration
-plasma must pass thru 3 filtration barriers:

1. fenestrated capillaries of glomulerulus (endothelium)

2. basal lamina: ECM; coarse seive to get plasma proteins out

3. Bowman's capsule epithelium: consists of podocytes that surround each glomular capillary
glomerulus
-fenestrated capillary unit exchange unit
-FILTRATION
-simple squamous
-basal lamina
-podocytes
-mesangial cells
renal corpuscle
-glomerus + bowman's capsule
-FILTRATION
juxtaglomerulus nephrons
-15-20%
-concentrated
-dips down into the medulla
cortical nephrons
-80-85%
-not as concentrated
-completely within the cortex
nephron
-functional unit
-1-3 million per kidney
-50 miles of tubing!

-filters blood plasma
-reabsorbs water, aas, sugars, salts
-secretes H, K ions
pelvis
-major and minor calyces
medulla
8-18 renal pyramids
loop of Henle, collecting ducts
cortex
-cortical arches (glomeruli, convoluted tubules)
hilus
-where ureters depart from kidneys
Retroperitoneal
anatomical space in the abdominal cavity behind (retro) the peritoneum.
kidneys
-paired, bean-shaped
-Retroperitoneal position
-T12-L3
-left is higher
-4.5 inches long
-ureters departs from Hilus
-functional unit: nephron
You're in facts!
-excrete 1.5L urine a day
-25% of cardiac output
urinary parts
vascular system
2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 baldder
1 urethra
functions of urinary system
1. regulate body fluid volume (kills you the quickest)
2. regulation of fluid osmolarity/composition
3. waste removal
4. endocrine
5. territory/sex marker
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