Study Bio Test Ch. 7 & 8 Flash Cards

 
Pile Management Card
Bio Test Ch. 7 & 8

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Ligands
Any molecule that binds to the receptor site of another molecule
Transport
Passive Transport:
Movement down a concentration gradient. Requires no energy.
-Unfacilitated Diffusion through bilayer
-Facilitated Diffusion through proteins

Active Transport
Always requires energy, moves molecules concentration gradient.
-Transport proteins
- Cotransport some
-Exo + Endocytosis
Membrane Protein Functions
1. Cell communication with outside world
2. Transportation
3. Enzyme action
4. Cell junctions
5. Attaching to cytoskeleton and/or extracellular matrix
6. Cell-cell recognition
Cell Membrane
Outer: Extracellular matrix
-Carb fibers attached to surface/proteins.
Memb: Bilipid plasma memb. + Integral prot (including transmemb prots)
Interior: Integral prots connected to periphery prots or microfiliments.
Cell Junctions
Tight Junction -- Holds cells to each other, no leakage, around entire cell in band
Desmosomes -- Form strong sheets of cells, reenforced by interfils
Gap Junctions - Channels betw. animal cells (like plasmadesmata in plants)
Microfilaments
Made of 2 twisted actin strands
Solid
small
Helps shape changes in cell
-Division
-Cytoplasm streaming
-Microvili
-Communication from outside
-Muscle contraction+psuedopodia mvt. w/ microfils+myosin
Inntermediate Filaments
Made of keratins
Bear tension, det. cell shape
Fix organelle positions
variable in size
Coils in coils
Microtubules
Made of 13 columns of tubulin dimers (one alpha and one beta tubulin mol.)
Hollow
Made by centrisome, arranged into centrioles (9 groups of 3)
Make chromosomes divide in cell reproduction
Use dynein arms and 9+2 (9 coupled mictubs + 2 cental mictubs) arrangement to move flagella + cilia
Cytoskeleton
Cell structure + communication
Fibers+motomolecules
Microtubules+dynein
Intermediate Filaments (no motormol)
Microfilements+myosin
Peroxisomes
Makes and breaks down H2O2
Makes H2O2 by
-Breaking down fatty acids (for mito fuel)
-Breaking down toxins
Breaks H2O2
-into H2O + O
Memb. from cytosol ribosomes
Chloroplasts
Plastid family (amyloplasts, chromoplasts)
Lens shaped, two memb.
Thylakoid -- granule stacks
Reproduces on own, moves about cell
Stroma = non-thylakoid space, inc. DNA, ribosomes, enzymes
Mitochondria
Cell respiration, ATP creation
Two memb, inner is folded for more prot. production
Reproduces on its own
Mitochondria matrix = interior, includes DNA, enzymes, ribsomes
Energy Transformers
Mitochondria, chloroplasts
Vacuoles
Multi-use
Stores food
Moves water
In plants:
-tonoplast memb
-one big vac
-store toxic mat. to deter animals
-store pigment
-important for cell growth
Lysosome
Digests molecules
Low pH
Multiple per cell
Phagocytosis -- digesting smaller organelles
Autophagy -- All lysosomes break at same time to destroy cell.
Golgi Apparatus
Finishes RER prot.
Cisternae not connected
Diff cisternae have diff enzymes
Varies oligosaccharides attached to proteins
Makes some polysaccs
Lumen = cisternae interior
Prot. enter cyst side (close to RER), leave trans side (via transport vesicles)
Smooth ER
Produces lipids
Metabolizes carbs (liver)
Detoxification
Can trigger muscle contraction
Connected to RER
Rough ER
ER+Ribosomes
Synthesizes membrane and exported proteins
Connected to nucleus
Sends prot. to golgi app.
Inserts memb. prots. into its memb.
Folds prot (in cisternae) made by ribosomes.
Nucleus
Nucleolus -- middle, creates ribosome subunits.
Chromatin -- Fibers w/ DNA and protein, become chromosomes in reproduction. Nucleus makes mRNA.
Lamina -- structure fibers
Endomembrane System
Nucleus, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi Apparatus (cyst side to trans side), Vesicles --> lysosome, vacuoles or cell membrane
Animal Cells v. Plant Cells
Animal Cells:
Lysosomes
Centrioles
Flagella (mostly)

Plant Cells:
Cell Wall
Central Vacoule+tonoplast
Plasmadesmata
Chloroplasts
Cell Fractionation
Seperates cells into diff. organelles
1. Homogenization (initial break down)
2. Centerfuge organelle seperation
3. Det. proteins contained in organelle, use microscope to fig out which organelle.
Scanning Elect. microscopy
Cells coated in gold
Kills cell
Detailed 3-D photo
Transmission electron microscopy
Cells coated w/ heavy metals
Kills cell
Flat picture
Light Microscopy
Mag max 1000X
View of cell, not organelles
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