Study Cardiac, Vascular, and Pulmonary systems Flash Cards

 
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Cardiac, Vascular, and Pulmonary systems

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Whispered pectoriloquy?
WHILE AUSCULTATING LUNG SEGMENTS THE PATIENT REPEATEDLY WHISPERS WORDS. THE CLERLY AUDIBLE AND LESS AUDIBLE WORDS INDICATE THE SAME FINDINGS AS BRONCHOPHONY TESTING.
While auscultating lung segments throughout the chest the patient repeatedly says "99." If the word is clearly audible in distal lung fields the test is positive for consolidation. if the word is less audible, softer or weaker sounding, the test is positive for hyperinflation?
BRONCHOPHONY
Egophony?
WHILE AUSCULTATING LUNG SEGMENTS THE PATIENT REPEATEDLY SAYS THE LETTER "E." IF WHEN AUSCULATING THE DISTAL SEGMENTS IT SOUNDS LIKE "A," FLUID IS EXPECTED IN THE AIR SPACES OR LUNG PARENCHYMA
Techniques to further assess lung pathology?
-EGOPHONY
-BRONCHOPHONY
-WHISPERING PECTORILOGUY
A discontinuous adventitious sound heard with a stethoscope that "bubbles" or "pops". Typically represent the movement of fluid or secretions during inspiration?
CRACKLE (RALES)
A collapsed lung is AKA?
ATELECTASIS
Stridor?
*CONTNUOUS ADVENTITIOUS SOUND
*VERY HIGH PITCHED WHEEZE HEARD WITH INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION
*INDICATES UPPER AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
Rhonchi?
*ADVENTITOUS BREATH SOUNDS
*LOW PITCHED AND OCCUR WITH INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION
*OBSTRUCTION TO THE LARGER OR MORE CENTRAL AIRWAYS.
*SIMILAR TO SNORING
Wheezes?
TYPICALLY A SIGN OF AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION FROM RETAINED SECRETIONS OR DUE TO BRONCHOCONSTRICTION OR BRONCHOSPASM WITH QUALITY SIMILAR TO WHISTLING.
These are abnormal breath sounds heard using a stethoscope with inspiration and/or expiration. These sounds can be continuous or discontinuous sounds?
ADVENTITOUS BREATH SOUNDS
These are normal, soft, and low pitched sounds heard over the more distal airways primarily during inspiration. During expiration the soft sound is diminished and only heard during the beginning of expiration?
VESICULAR BREATH SOUNDS
These are loud and tubular sounds with a high-pitch noted during inspiration and expiration, pausing between the two components?
NORMAL TRACHEAL AND BRONCHIAL SOUNDS
Refers to an uncommon condition of inflammation to the myocardium muscle, usually due to infection
MYOCARDITIS
What is considered proper cardiac output?
4 LITERS PER MINUTE WHILE AT REST
What is the most common etiology associated with heart failure?
CHRONIC HYPERTENSION
Heart failure?
A CONDITION WHERE THERE IS AN INABILITY OF THE HEART TO MAINTAIN A PROPER CARDIAC OUTPUT OF FOUR LITERS PER MINUTE WHILE AT REST.
What are the different forms of cardiomyopathy?
-DILATED
-HYPERTROPHIC
-RESTRICTIVE
Unstable angina?
ANGINA THAT CAN OCCUR AT REST OF WITH EXERTION AND HAS CHANGED INTENSITY, FREQUENCY, AND/OR DURATION.
Stable angina?
ANGINA THAT USUALLY OCCURS AT A PREDICTABLE LEVEL OF EXERTION, EXERCISE OR STRESS AND RESPONDS TO REST OR NITROGLYCERIN.
What are the different forms of angina?
-NOCTURNAL
-PRINZMETAL'S
-STABLE
-UNSTABLE
MET?
METABOLIC EQUIBLENTS (METS)

*THE AMOUNT OF OXYGEN CONSUMED PER KILOGRAM OF BODY WEIGHT PER MINUTE TO PERFORM A GIVEN ACTIVITY.
Normal heart rate for infants, children, adults?
INFANTS: 100-130 BPM
CHILD: 80-100 BPM
ADULT: 60-100 BPM
Normal blood pressure in an adult?
100-140/60-90 mmHg
Normal blood pressure in a child?
90-110/60-90 mmHg
Normal blood pressure in infants?
60-90/30-35 mmHg
Heart rate for supraventricular tachycardia?
160-250 BPM

*HAS A REGULAR HEART RHYTHM
*OCCURS ABOVE THE AV NODE
Irregular atrial rhythm?
ATRIAL FIBRILLAION (A FIB)
ST segment elevation?
ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
What does an elevated QRS complex indicate?
HYPERTROPHY OF THE MYOCARDIUM
What will a depressed QRS complex indicate?
-HEART FAILURE
-ISCHEMIA
-PERICARDIAL EFFUSION
-OBESITY
-CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
T wave?
VENTRICULAR REPOLARIZATION
ST segment?
DELAY BEFORE REPOLARIZATION OF THE VENTRICLES

USEFUL IN ASSESSING MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA
QT interval?
ELECTRICAL SYSTOLE THAT IS MEASURED BY THE TIME ELAPSED FROM THE START OF THE Q WAVE TO THE END OF THE T WAVE.

*NORMALLY .32 - .40 SECONDS
QRS complex?
VENTRICULAR DEPOLARIZATION AND ATRIAL REPOLARIZATION
P wave?
ATRIAL DEPOLARIZATION
Measures the electrical activity of the heart?
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)
Echocardiography?
*REFLECTIONS OF ULTRASOUND WAVES FROM CARDIAC SURFACES ARE ANALYZED.

*USED TO EVALUATE LEFT VENTRICULAR SYSTOLIC FUNCTION AND THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CARDIAC WALLS, VALVES, AND CHAMBERS.
Swan-Ganz catheter?
PROVIDES IMMEDIATE CARDIOPULMONARY PRESSURE MEASURMENTS
Used to measure intracardiac, transvalve, and pulmonary artery pressure and measure blood gas pressures to determine cardiac output and evaluate shunting?
CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION
Cardiac catheterization
(for angiography)?
THE CORONARY ARTERIES ARE INJECTED WITH A CONTRACT DYE WHICH ALLOWS DR'S TO EVALUATE ANY NARROWING OR OCCLUSION OF ARTERIES.
Hemoglobin (children)?
11.2-16.5 gm/dL
Hemoglobin (Newborns)?
16.5-19.5 gm/dL
Hemoglobin (males/females)?
MALES: 40-54 gm/dL
FEMALES: 37-47 gm/dL
Hematocrit (children)?
35-49 mL/dL
Hematocrit (Newborns)?
49-54 mL/dL
Hematocrit (males/females)?
MALES: 40-54 mL/dL
FEMALES: 37-47 mL/dL
What will low hemoglobin levels indicate?
-ANEMIA
-RECENT HEMORRHAGE
An iron containing pigment in the red blood cells?
HEMOGLOBIN
A low and high hematocrit level will result in?
LOW: WEAKNESS, CHILLS, DYSPNEA
HIGH: INCREASED RISK OF THROMBUS
Too few red blood cells or not enough hemoglobin?
ANEMIA
An increased amount of red blood cells in known as?
POLYCYTHEMIA
Hematocrit?
THE PERCENTAGE OF RED BLOOD CELLS IN THE TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME
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