Study Session 1: Superficial Back Flash Cards
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Pile Management Card
Session 1: Superficial Back
Session 1: Superficial Back
| thoracolumbar aponeurosis (fascia) |
| extends laterally from the spinous processes and forms a thin covering for the deep muscles in the thoracic region and a strong, thick covering for muscles in the lumbar region. |
| muscular fascia |
| a dense layer of connective tissue surrounding individual muscles |
| investing (deep) fascia |
| a dense layer of connective tissue between the subcutaneous tissue and the muscles; surrounds the entire muscle group |
| vertebra (spina) prominens |
|
the seventh cervical vertebra
it has a long, non-bifid spinous process which is prominent at the nape of the neck, hence its name (Latin, vert = to turn) |
| external occipital protuberance |
|
a projection on the external surface of the squamous part of the occipital bone in the midline
it is the attachment site of the ligamentum nuchae and the trapezius m.; its highest point is called the inion (Latin, occiput = against head; Greek, inion = back of head) |
| thoracodorsal (middle subscapular) nerve |
|
Source
posterior cord of brachial plexus Motor latissimus dorsi |
| spinal nerve |
|
Origin
formed at the point where the dorsal and ventral rootlets meet; it ends where the dorsal and ventral primary rami Branches diverge dorsal primary ramus; ventral primary ramus Motor to skeletal mm.; some levels carry preganglionic sympathetic axons (T1-L2) Sensory general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) from the entire surface of the neck, trunk and extremities; visceral pain (via the white ramus communicans and the sympathetic nervous system) Notes located at the intervertebral foramen; there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves - 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal |
| greater occipital nerve |
|
Source
dorsal primary ramus of spinal nerve C2 (medial br.) Branches no named branches Motor posterior neck muscles Sensory skin of the posterior surface of the scalp Notes muscles innervated by this nerve develop from epimeres in the embryo |
| dorsal primary ramus nerve |
|
Source
first branch off of the dorsal side of the spinal nerve Branches numerous Motor to the deep back mm.; sympathetic innervation to the skin Sensory general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) to the skin of the back Notes a mixed nerve containing both motor and sensory fibers (Latin, ramus = branch) |
| dorsal scapular nerve |
|
Source
brachial plexus (br. of C5 ventral primary ramus) Branches no named branches Motor rhomboideus major and minor mm.; levator scapulae m. Sensory none Notes dorsal scapular n. passes through the scalenus medius m. |
| accessory nerve |
|
Source
cranial root: medulla - nucleus ambiguus; spinal root: spinal nucleus of the upper cervical spinal cord Branches no named branches Motor GSE: sternocleidomastoid and trapezius mm. Sensory none Notes also known as: CN XI, 11th cranial nerve; spinal root enters cranial cavity by passing through the foramen magnum; exits skull by passing through the jugular foramen; accessory n. is motor only; the subtrapezial plexus of nerves receives proprioceptive fibers: for the sternocleidomastoid m. from the ventral primary rami of spinal nn. C2 and C3 - for trapezius via ventral primary rami of C3 and C4 |
| transverse cervical artery |
|
Source
thyrocervical trunk Branches unnamed muscular branches Supply to trapezius muscle and surrounding tissues Notes transverse cervical a. gives rise to the dorsal scapular a. ~30% of the time |
| thoracodorsal artery |
|
Source
subscapular Branches unnamed muscular branches Supply to latissimus dorsi |
| dorsal scapular artery |
|
Source
subclavian a., 3rd part Branches unnamed muscular branches Supply to levator scapulae m., rhomboideus major m., rhomboideus minor m. Notes dorsal scapular a. anastomoses with the suprascapular a. and the subscapular a. to form the scapular anastomosis; dorsal scapular a is a branch of the transverse cervical a. in ~30% of cases |
| nuchal ligament |
|
Description
a midline ligament that extends posteriorly from the spinous processes of cervical vertebrae and extends from the base of the skull to the 7th cervical vertebra Notes a syndesmosis; it provides muscle attachments to the cervical spinous processes without the necessity of long spinous processes that would hinder extension of the neck (Latin, nucha = nape) |
| rhomboideus minor |
|
Origin
inferior end of the ligamentum nuchae, spines of vertebrae C7 and T1 Insertion medial border of the scapula at the root of the spine of the scapula Action retracts, elevates and rotates the scapula inferiorly Innervation dorsal scapular nerve (C5) Artery dorsal scapular a Notes named for its shape |
| rhomboideus major |
|
Origin
spines of vertebrae T2-T5 Insertion medial border of the scapula inferior to the spine of the scapula Action retracts, elevates and rotates the scapula inferiorly Innervation dorsal scapular nerve (C5) Artery dorsal scapular a. Notes named for its shape |
| levator scapulae |
|
Origin
transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae Insertion medial border of the scapula from the superior angle to the spine Action elevates the scapula Innervation dorsal scapular nerve (C5); the upper part of the muscle receives branches of C3 & C4 Artery dorsal scapular a. Notes levator scapulae is named for its action |
| latissimus dorsi |
|
Origin
vertebral spines from T7 to the sacrum, posterior third of the iliac crest, lower 3 or 4 ribs, sometimes from the inferior angle of the scapula Insertion floor of the intertubercular groove Action extends the arm and rotates the arm medially Innervation thoracodorsal nerve (C7,8) from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus Artery thoracodorsal a. Notes the inserting tendon twists so that fibers originating highest insert lowest |
| Trapezius |
|
Origin
medial third of the superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T12 Insertion lateral third of the clavicle, medial side of the acromion and the upper crest of the scapular spine, tubercle of the scapular spine Action elevates and depresses the scapula (depending on which part of the muscle contracts); rotates the scapula superiorly; retracts scapula Innervation motor: spinal accessory (XI), proprioception: C3-C4 Artery transverse cervical a. Notes named for its shape; trapezius is an example of a muscle that migrates during development from its level of origin (cervical) to its final position, pulling its nerve and artery along behind |
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