Study BIOL 472 Topic 10 Flash Cards

 
Pile Management Card
BIOL 472 Topic 10

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embolus
-clot that migrates
streptokinase
-from hemolytic streptococci
-works by activating plasminogen through cleavage to produce plasmin
t-PA
-activates plasmin, from vascular epithelium
-Tissue plasminogen activator
siliconized glass
-prevents platelet response
Warfarin/coumarin
-competes at liver w/ Vit. K
-Vit K normally synthesized in GI by bacteria
-Vit K essential for prothrombin, VII, IX, X formation
Ca+2 chelators
-Na citrate
-pulls Ca+2 out of sol'n
2 anticoagulants made by body
-heparin activates antithrombin III
-block active factors
anticoagulants
-2 ways to limit blood clotting:

1. inhibit platelet adhesion
2. inhibit coagulation cascade and fibrin production
hemophiliacs
-lack VIII to make active XIII
intrinsic pathway
-damage to blood
-collogen or wettable surface activate XII
-XI
-IX
-VIII
-activates X, V, Ca+2 to trigger protheombin cascade
extrinsic pathway
-caused by damage to tissue
-activates VII
-activates X, V, Ca+2 to trigger protheombin cascade
plasmin
-breaks down fibrin polymers into fibrin fragments
-
XIII
-also activates plasminogen to plasmin, dissolves fibrin clot
common pathway
-prothrombin converted to thrombin by X, Ca+2
-converts fibrinogen to fibrin
-stabilized by XIII (plasminogen to plasmin)
fibrin mechanism
-coagulation can be started by intrinsic, extrinsic process
-converge to common pathway to convert fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin polymers
damage to vessel cascade
-exposed endothelial cell elements and collogen activate platelets
-platelets adhere to collogen
-platelets release thromboxanes
-vasoconstrict and platelet aggregation and adhere
-converts fibrogen to fibrin
blood clotting
1. vasoconstriction
2. temporary blockage of break by platelet plug
3. blood coagulation
thrombus
-stationary clot
-adheres to undamged wall of blood vessel
-
platelets
-form from megakaryotcytes
-lack nuclei
-cell fragments that have split off large parent cell known as megakaryocyte (undergo mitosis w/o cytoplasmic split; polyploid)
-have some organelles
-always present in blood, but not active unless damage has occurred to walls of circulatory system
granulocytes
-neutrophils (60-70%) phagocytic, engulf and ingest foreign particles; most numerous, 1st line of defense

-eosinophils (2-4%): antihistimine; parasite defense

Basophils (<1%): produce histamine/ allergic response; least numerous

-all contain cytoplasmic inclusions that give them a granular appearance
agranulocytes
-lymphocytes (20-25%)
-B cells: plasma cell; secretes ABs
-T cells: helper/killer cells

Monocytes (3-8%)
-phagocytic; clean up neutrophil debris; engulf and ingest foreign particles
leukocytes
-5-9,000/mL
-agranulocytes
-granulocytes
leukemia
-cancer resulting in too many WBCs
polycythemia/blood doping
-stem cell disorder that produces too many blood cells, as well as red
-blood becomes more viscous and more resistant to flowing
from liver to bones for RBCs
-eat Fe
-Kuppfner cells in liver break down RBCs
-turn into Fe and bilirubin
-bilirubin binds to Albumin and carried to liver
-metabolized and incorporated into bile
RBCs last...
...120 days
-get older, more fragile
-rupture as try to squeeze through narrow capillaries
-engulfed by scavenging macrophages
ferritin
-protein where rest of excess Fe is stored in liver
transferritin
-carrier protein carries Fe from liver to bone for RBCs
hemoglobin
-2/3's of body iron
-rest stored in liver as ferritin
-transferritin protein carries Fe from liver to bone for RBCs
-4 globular proteins
-centered around Fe-containing heme group
erythrocytes
-5 million/mL
-hemotocrit: ratio of RBCs to plasma; expressed as %; centrifuge (37-54% for women and men)
-reticulocyte: final immature RBC leaves marrow and enters circulation; mature into RBC in 24 hrs; nucleus exocytosed and internal organelles disappear
-lack nuceli: bags of enzymes and hemoglobin; can't make new enzymes or renew themselves
-biconcave
-live 4 months
formed elements in blood
-45% of blood volume
-RBCs
-WBCs
-platelets
plasma proteins
albumins: most prevalent; regulating blood volume by maintaining the osmotic pressure of the blood compartment; carriers for various substances

globulins: clotting factors, enzymes, ABs, carriers for various substances

fibrinogen: clotting factors; form fibrin threads

-most made by liver
plasma
-majority water
-ions (mostly Na+)
-oncotic pressure
serum
-plasma with clotting factors removed
blood
-5.5L
-8% body weight
-55% plasma
-majority is water
blood and hematopoetic tissue
-classified as special connective tissue
-functions:

1. gas exchange
2. pH regulation
3. electrlyte balance
4. nutrient transport
5. hormone transport
6. thermoregulation
7. immune system
extracellular fluid
-20% total body weight (14 L)

-15% interstitial fluid (11L) (small weird compartments, pericarium, CFS, eye)

-5% plasma (3L) (blood)
body fluid
-60% of body weight
-(40% intracellular fluid; 20% extracellular fluid)
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