Study Developmental Psych (Chaps 1 & 2) Flash Cards

 
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Developmental Psych (Chaps 1 & 2)

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Accordiong to Bronfenbrenner, the contextts of development are like?
CIRCLES WITHIN CIRCLES
Since nests are necessary for the survival of young birds. Ethologists say evolutiaon has equipped birds with what?
NEST-BUILDING SKILLS
The relationship between individuals and the settings in which they develop is the emphasis of?
ECOLOGICAL THEORIES
Sociobiology?
USING CONCEPTS OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Genetic mechanims that promote survival

(fear) not being affraid can cause bad behavior.
ETHOLOGY
Expanding of Piaget's thoery rather than contradict it?
NEO-PIAGETIAN
Theory of memory three stages?
-SENSORY MEMORY
-SHORT-TERM MEMORY
-LONG-TERM MEMORY
What is the goal of information-processing theory?
TO EXPLAIN HOW THE MIND MANAGES INFORMATION
Short term memory is often called?
WORKING MEMORY
Scaffolding?
VYGOTSKY'S SOCIO-CULTURAL THEORY
Adolescents learn to think logically about abstract ides and hypothetical situations?
FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE
Concrete operational stage?
-6-12 YEARS OLD
-BEGIN TO THINK LOGICALLY AND BECOME CAPABLE OF SOLVING PROBLEMS.
From 18 months to about about age 6 youngsters acquire symbolic schemes, such as language and fantasy, that they use thinking and communicating?
PREOPERATIONAL STAGE
Sensorimotor stage?
-FROM BIRTH TO 18 MONTHS
-INFANTS USE THE SENSORY AND MOTOR SCHEMES TO ACT ON THE WORLD AROUND THEM
Jean Piaget's stages of logical cognitive development?
-SENSORIMOTOR STAGE
-PREOPERATIONAL STAGE
-CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE
-FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE
A consequence (usually involving something plesant) that follows a behavior and increases the chances that the behavior will occur again?
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
Punishment?
ANYTHING THAT FOLLOWS A BEHAVIOR AND CAUSES IT TO STOP
Reinforcement?
ANYTHING THAT FOLLOWS A BEHAVIOR AND CAUSES IT TO BE REPEATED
B.F. Skinner developed?
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Personality develops through eight life crises across the entire lifespan; a person finishes each crises with either a good or a poor resolution?
ERIKSON'S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY
Personality develops in five stages from birth to adolescence; in each state the need for physical pleasures is focuse don a different part of the body?
FREUD'S PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY
Erikson's psychosocial stages?
-TRUST VS MISTRUST
-AUTONOMY VERSUS SHAME AND DOUBT
-INITIATIVE VS. GUILT
-INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY
-IDENTITY VERSUS ROLE CONFUSION
-INTAMACY VS ISOLATION
-GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION
-INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR
Eridson developed what theory?
PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY
Electra
BAD BOND WITH FATHER AND ANXIETY OVER THE POTENTIAL LOSS OF HER MOTHER'S LOVE
A conflict betweein his affection for his other and his fear of his fear of his father?
OEDEIPUS COMPLEX
Freud's most controversial idea about early childhood is his assertion that children experience sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent during what stage?
PHALLIC STAGE (3-6)
Phallic stage?
3-6 YEARS OLD
Responsible for keeping the three components of personality in balance?
EGO
The portion of personality that acts as a moral judge?

Contains the rules of society and develops near the end of early childhood at about age 6.
SUPEREGO
If they ID demands food, who job is it to find food?
EGO
EGO?
-THE CONSCIOUS, THINKING PART OF PERSONILITY
-DEVELOPS IN THE FIRST 2-3 YEARS OF LIFE
-KEEPS THE NEEDS OF THE ID SATISFIED
ID
-CONTAINS THE LIBIDO AND OPERATED AT AN UNCONSCIOUS LEVEL
-A PERSONS BASIC AND AGGRESSIVE IMPULSES, WHICH ARE PRESENT AT BIRTH
Freud argued that personality has three parts?
-ID
-EGO
-SUPEREGO
The motivating force behind most behavior?
LIBIDO
What do psychoanalytic theorists beliee?
DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE HAPPENS BECAUSE INTERNAL DRIVERS AND EMOTIONS INFLUENCE BEHAVIOR
pROS OF Pros of longitudinal designes?
THEY SOLVE THE PROBLEMS PRESENTED BY CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGNS BECAUSE THEY FOLLOW THE SAME INDIVIDUALS OVER A PERIOD OF TIME.
Pros and cons of cross-sectional research design?
-EACH PARTICIPANT IS TESTED ONLY ONCE AND CANNOT TELL US ANYTHING ABOUT THE SEQUENCE OF CHANGE

-VERY USEFUL BECAUSE THEY CAN BE DONE RELATIVELY QUICKLY
What are the designs for studying age-related changes?
-CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN
-LONGITUDINAL DESIGN
-SEQUENTIAL DESIGN
Cross sectional studies are a form of?
QUASI EXPERIMENTS
Researchers compare groups withouth assigning the participants randomly?
QUASI EXPERIMENTS
The dependent variable depends on what?
THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE/CAUSE
The dependent variable is AKA?
EFFECT
The independent variable is AKA?
CAUSE
What kind of Tx does the control group get?
NO TREATMENT
Experiment?
-CAN TEST A HYPOTHESIS
-RANDOMLY ASSIGNED PARTICIPANTS TO DIFFERENT TX AND CONTROL GROUPS
A study that tests a casual hypothesis?
EXPERIMENT
The nearer the correlation is to _______, the more strongly the two are connected?
-1.00
Two variables that change in opposite directions have what kind of correlation?
NEGATIVE CORRELATION
The closer a positive correlation is to _______, the stronger the relationship between the variables?
+1.00
What does is mean to have a positive correlation?
HIGH SCORES ON ONE VARIABLE ARE USUALLY ACCOMPAINED BY HIGH SCORES ON THE OTHER
What does a zero correlation indicate?
THERE IS NO RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TWO VARIABLES
How does laboratory observation differ form naturalistic observation?
THE RESEARCHER EXERTS SOME DEGREE OF CONTROL OVER THE ENVIRONMENT
What is the weakness of a naturalistic observation?
OBSERVER BIAS
Variables?
CHARACTERISTICS THAT VARY FROM PERSON TO PERSON, SUCH AS PHYSICAL SIZE, INTELLIGENCE,
AND PERSONALITY
Explaining development?
INVOLVES TELLING WHY A PARTICULAR EVENT OCCURS
To describe development?
SIMPLY TO STATE WHAT HAPPENS

(EX: OLDER ADULTS MAKE MORE MEMORY ERRORS THAN YOUNG AND MIDDLE AGED ADULTS)
What are the goals of development?
-DESCRIBE
-EXPLAIN
-PREDICT
-INFLUENCE
A sex of age norms defining a sequence of life experiences that is considered normal in a given culture and that all individuals in that culture are expected to follow?
SOCIAL CLOCK
UNIVERSAL AND COMMON TO EVERY INDIVIDUAL IN A SPECIES AND ARE LINKED TO SPECIFIC AGES?
(ex: baby's first steps)
NORMATIVE AGE GRADED CHANGES
What are the three kinds of change?
-NORMATIVE AGE GRADED CHANGES
-NORMATIVE HISTORY GRADED CHANGES
-NONNORMATIVE CHANGES
Nurture?
THINGS THAT WE LEARN
Nature-nurture debate?
THE DEBATE ABOUT THE RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND EXPERIENTAL FACTORS TO DEVELOPMENT
Periods of development?
-PRENATAL
-INFANCY
-EARLY CHILDHOOD
-MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
-ADOLESCENCE
-EARLY ADULTHOOD
-MIDDLE ADULTHOOD
-LATE ADULTHOOD
Ages for late adulthood?
60 - END OF LIFE
Ages for early adulthood?
18-40
Ages for middle adulthood?
40-60
Early childhood is defined as?
THE YEARS BETWEEN TWO AND SIX
The first two years of birth consistute?
INFANCY
When does adolescence end?
DIFFERENT CULTURES SET DIFFERENT BOUNDRIES FOR THE END OF ADOLESCENCE AND THE BEGINNING OF EARLY ADULTHOOD
Puberty signals the end of middle childhood and the beginning of?
ADOLESCENCE
When does infancy begin and end?
-BEGINS AT BIRTH
-ENDS WHEN THE CHILD BEGINS TO USE LANGUAGE TO COMMUNICATE.
Age related Begins at conception and end at borth?
PRENATAL PERIOD
Individuals beliefs about themselves are usualloy classified within what domain?
SOCIAL DOMAIN
Social domain?
CHANGES IN VARIABLES THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE RELATIONSHIP OF AN INDIVIDUAL TO OTHERS
Changes in thinking, memory, problem solving and other intellectual skills?
CONGITIVE DOMAIN
Changes in the size, shape, and characteristics of the body?
PHYSICAL DOMAIN
What are the three domains of development?
-PHYSICAL
-COGNITIVE
-SOCIAL
Scientist who study age related changes often use three broad categories called?
DOMAINS OF DEVELOPMENT
What was one of Balte's most important contributions to the study of human development?
THE POSITIVE ASPECTS OF ADVANCED AGE
This person is a leader in the development of a comprehensive theory of lifespan human development?
PAUL BALTES
Three key elements of lifespan perspective?
-PLASTICITY
-INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
-MULTI-CONTEXTUAL NATURE OF DEVELOPMENT
Maintains that important changes occur during every period of development and that these changes must be interpreted in terms of the cultural and context in which they occur?
LIFESPAN PERSPECTIVE
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