Study Human Anatomy Midterm Flash Cards

 
Pile Management Card
Human Anatomy Midterm

loading
The ____ mover is the muscle responsible for most of the movement.
prime
the immovable end of the muscle is called its orgin and the movable one is its _____.
insertion
a motor neuron and its associated muscle fibers
motor unit
pheonomenon in which a muscle fiber completely cotnracts when it is exposed to a stimulus of theshold strengths
all or none response
Waht % of energy from cellulare respiration is released as heat?
75
Explain what an oxygen debt is?
amount of oxygen tha tmust be supplied following physical exercise to convert the accumulated lactic acid to glucose
What is hemoglobin and myoglobin
hemoglobin is the pigment of red blood cells, myoglobin is a pigmented compound found in muscle tisse that acts to store O2.
What is the substance that supplies energy during muscle fiber contraction.
creatine phosphate
chemical substance secreted by the terminal end of an axon that stimulates a muscle fiber contraction or an impulse in another neuron.
neurotransmitter
structural and functional unit of myofibril; between Z lines
sarcomere
protein in muscle fiber that together with myosin is responsible for contraction adn relaxation, thin
actin
a protein that together with actin, is responsible for muscular contraction and reaction; thick and dark
myosin
one of the contactile fibers found within muscle cells
myofibrils
A sheet of fibrous connective tissue that separates muscles
fascia
What are the functions of the muscular system?
stores heat, movement, posture, joint stability, heat production
What are the 3 types of muscles in the body?
smooth, cardiac, skeletal
List the functions of the skeletal system.
shape, support, body movement, protects organs
Describe red and yellow bone marrow?
red marrow functions int eh formation of red and white blood cells and platelets. Red
Yellow bone marrow functions as fat sotrage and inactive blood cell production.
tiny channel in bone tissue that contains a blood vessel
osteonic canal
Bone that begins a hyaline cartilage that is subsequently replaced by bone tissue.
endochondral bones
bone that develops from layers of membranous connective tissue. This type of bone is used to on the skull
intramembranous bones
connective tissue that occupies the spaces within bones.
marrow
a cavity within the diaphysis of a long bone occupied by marrow.
medullary cavity
thin layer of cells that lines the medullary cavity of a bone.
endosteum
the covering of fibrous connective tissue on the surface of a bone.
periosteum
the shaft of a long bone
diaphysis
The end of a long bone
epiphysis
Bone that consist of bars and plates separated by irregular spaces; cancellous bone.
spongy bone
Bone tissue that is densely packed, cortical bone
compact bone
What are the two types of sweat glands?
apocrine - emotional, stress, and puberty
eccrine - maintain body temp
Where are the basale and corneum layers of the epidermis found?
basal-reproductive layer of epidermis, basement of membrame.
corneum - outermost layer of epidermis
How can body heat be lost?
nerve impulses, cell dialate and expand.
How is hair color determined?
melanin
Why do some people have darker skin?
melanin
What are the functions of the skin?
protective covering, regulates body tem, retards water lost from deeper tissues, houses sensory receptors, synthesizes chemicals and excretes small quantities of water substances.
Where is smooth muscle found?
makes up organs
Where is cardiac muscle found?
heart
Which muscle tissue can be consciously controlled?
skeletal
Why are cartilage tissues slow in healing following an injury?
low blood supply
Fights infection
white blood cells
Carry oxygen to all cells
red blood cells
Fragment formed in bone marrow, which functions in blood coagulation
platelets
This cell type is a large phagocytic cell.
macrophages
This cell type is a cell that functions to produce fibers and other intercellular materials in connective tissues. It is star shaped.
fibroblasts
This cell type is a cell to which antibodies are formed in response to allergens and become attached.
mast cells
This tissue protects, secretes mucous, absorbs, and covers all body surfaces.
epithelial tissue - simple squamous, cuboidal, etc...
This tissue has the ability to contract.
muscle tissue - cardiac, smooth, and skeletal
This tissue makes up tendons and ligaments.
connective tissue
This tissue binds structures together, provides support and framework, stores fat, produces blood cells, and fights infection.
Connective tissue - fibrous and loose
This tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Cells respond by transmitting impulses, and cells are sensitive to changes in their surroundings.
Nervous tissue
Nuclear material that gives rise to chromosomes during mitosis.
chromatin
Longer than cilia, usually single flagellum on a cell; sperm helps in movement.
flagella
Microscopic, hairlike processes on the exposed surfaces of certain epithelial cells.
cilia
Membranous sac within the cytoplasm that forms by an infolding o the cell membrane.
vesicles
The contents of a cell surrounding tis nucleus.
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasmic organelle composed of a system of interconnected membranous tubules and vesicles.
endoplasmic reticulum
A minute, hollow rod found in the cytoplasm of cells
Microtubule
Plural form of nucleolus. Inside the nucleus and synthesizes ribosomes.
nucleoli
Cellular organelle enclosed by a double layered, porous membrane and contains DNA, composed of protons and neutrons.
Nucleus
Cytoplasmic organelle that functions in the synthesis of proteins.
ribosomes
Cellular organelle that functions in the organization of the spindle during mitosis.
centrioles
Thin envelope that forms the outermost limit of a cell, plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane
cell membrane
Cytoplasmic organelle that contains digestive enzymes.
lysosomes
Cytoplasmic organelle that functions in preparing cellular products for secretion.
golgi apparatus
Cytoplasmic organelle that contains enzymes responsible for aerobic respiration.
mitochondria
Name the 4 phases of cell division and describe what is happening in each.
mitosis= prophase-chromosomes become visible -> metaphase-chromosomes line up about midway between centrioles -> anaphase-duplicate chromosomes move to opposite poles of cell -> telophase-newly formed cells become separate structures.
Define compound?
a substance composed of two or more element sjoined by chemical bonds.
What are the reactants and products?
the reactants make up the products
Describe the number of electrons that can fit on the first 3 energy levels?
first level-2, second level-8, third level-18
What are the subatomic particles that have no electrical charge?
neutrons
Describe the properties of a base as compared to an acid.
Bases are bitter, hydroxide, 7.1 to 14, negative charge, slippery, blue; Acids are sour, hydronium, pH 0 to 6.9, positive charge, red , and corode metal
What is an ionic bond?
formed from atoms with opposite electrical charges bonding together.
What 2 particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?
protons and neutrons
The smallest complete unit of an element is an ______.
atom
About how many elements are needed by living things?
about 20 elements
Atoms that tend to gain electrons from other atoms are ______.
ions
The 4 elements that make up about 96% of body matter are:
nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen
What are isotopes?
an atom that has the same number of protons as other atoms of an element ut as a different number of neutrons in its nucleus.
______ is the gas delivered by the cardivascular system to all cells of the body.
oxygen
______ are used as building blocks
protein
_____ are the major fuel for the cell.
carbohydrates
Define organic and inorganic molecules.
organic molecules contain some form of carbon. inorganic does not
A solution which has a pH of 10 could best be described as being a _____.
base
Place the following terms in correct sequence from the simplest to the most complex.
atom, molecule, cells tissues, organ
Define homesteostasis.
the state at which the body is under no stress; state of regularity
The single most abundant chemical substance of the body, which accoutns for 60 to 80% of body weight is _____.
water
Write the chemical formula for cellular respiration.
C6 H12 O6 + 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP
Why is water beneficial in the human body?
the body is made of mostly water, regulates body temp, and is required for metabolic processes
Who was the father of anatomy?
Andreas Vesalius
Place this card into pile: