Study Anatomy Flash Cards

 
Pile Management Card
Anatomy

loading
ADP
adenosine diphosphate
ATP
adenosine triphosphate and provides form of chemical energy to cells
Rna
Ribonucleic acid;carries out orders of DNA
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid; found in the cell and is genetic material and replicates itself to ensure each cell as identical info
Nucleotides
building blocks of DNA; contain one nitrongen base, sugar, phosphae group
Nucleic Aids
make up genes; blueprint of life
Catalysts
substance that increase the rate of chemical reaction without becoming part of the product
Enzymes
functional proteins that act as catalysts
amino acids
building blocks of proteins
proteins
most varied functions of organic molecules
cholesterol
found in cell membranes
steriods
flat molecules formed by interlocking rings
phospholipids
two fatty acids attached
trans fats
oils that are solidified by additionof hydrogen atoms at sites of double carbon bonds
Saturated
fatty acid chains with only sinle covalent bonds between carbon atoms
trigycerides
neutral fats and are composed of fatty acids and glycerol
Lipids
large diverse groups of organic compounds
Polysaccharides
long branching chains of linked simple sugars
Dehydration Synthesis
double sugars fom when two simple sugars are joined by this
Glucose
blood sugar that fuels all cells
Monosaccharide
one sugar or simple sugar
Carbohydrates
hydrated carbon like sugar starches and have C H and O in them
buffer
chemicals that protect pH changes
pH
concentration of H+ and OH- ions in a body fluid
Neutralization Reaction
acid and base react
Protein acceptors
bases
Bases
bitter and slippery
Protein Donors
acids
Electrolytes
substance sthat conduct an electrical current in a solution
Salt
ionic compounds containing cations other than H+ and anions other than OH+
Chemical Reactivity
helps in reactions
Polarity/ Solvent Properties
something that dissolves other substance
high heat capacity
absorbs and release large amounts of heat before temperature changes
Organic Compounds
carbon containing coumpounds like lipids, carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids
Inorganic Compounds
lack carbon and are small and simple molecules
Exchange Reactions
involve synthesis and decomposition reactions
Decomposition Reactions
Molecules is broken down into smaller molecules or atoms or ions
Synthesis Reaction
two or more atoms or molecules combine to form a larger more complex molecule
Hydrogen Bonds
extremely weak bonds formed when a hydrogen atom bounds to one electron hungry nitrogen or oxygen atom s is attracted by another hungry atom
Covalent Bonds
atoms share electrons
Salts
sodium chloride
ionic bond
electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another and are neutral but are ions since they are charged
Valence Shell
atom's outermost shell
Electron Shells or energy levels
electrons ocuppy this fixed space around the nucleus
Chemical Reaction
when atoms combine with or dissociate from other atoms
Compound
two or more different atoms bind together to fom a molecul
Radioactivity
spontaneous atomic decay
Radioisotopes
heavier isotopes that decompose to become stable
Isotopes
same number of protons and electrons but varying number of neutrons
Atomic Weight
equal to its atomic mass
Atomic Mass
the sum of the masses of all the protons and neutrons contained in its nucleus
Atomic Number
equal to the number of protons the atom contains
orbital model
modern model or atomic structure
planetary model
portrays atoms as a solar system in which protons and neutrons are in the center in atomic nucleus
Electrons
negative charge
Neutrons
neutral charge
Protons
positive charge
Atomic Symbol
chemical shorthand of element
Periodic Table
checkerboard of elements
Elemetns
unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
Radiant Energy
travels in waves as in the electromagnetic spectrum
Mechanical Energy
energy directly involved in moving matter
Electrical Energy
results from the movement of charged particles
Chemical Energy
stored in the bonds of chemical substances
Potential Energy
inactive energy or stored energy
Kinetic Energy
when energy is doing work as in moving objects
Energy
Massless and doesn't take up space
Middle ear cavities
lie medial to the eardrums
Orbital Cavityies
house the eyes
Nasal Cavity
within and posterior to nose
Oral and digestive cavitis
mouth and digestive organs
Right and left hypochondriac regions
flank the epigastric region and contain the lower ribs
Right and left lumbar regions
lie lateral to the umbilical region
Right and left iliac or inguinal regions
lateral to the hypogastric region
Hypogastric/pubic region
located inferior to the umbilical region
Epigastric Reigon
superior to the umbilical region
Umbical Region
Centermost region, deep to surrounding the umbilicus/ naval
Ventral Body Cavity
Contains chest, abdomen, thoracic cavity, diaphrgm, adbdomnial cavity, and pelvic cavity
Dorsal body cavity
back cavities including cranial cavity and spinal cavity
transverse plane
splitting top and bottom of body
frontal / coronal plane
splitting front and back of body
deep/ internal
away from the body surface; more internal
Superficial/ external
toward or at the body surface
Distal
Father from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Proximal
Close to the origin of the body part or the attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
Medial
Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
Dorsal/Posterior
Toward or at the backside of the body; behind
Ventral/ Anterior
toward or at the front of the body; in front of
Inferior(caudal)
away from the head end or towad the lower part of a structure or the body; below
Superior
cranial; towards the head end or upper part of the body; above
Frontral section
cut along lengthwise that divides body or organ into superior and inferior parts; called cross section too
median or midsaggital section
if sagittal cut creates two even parts
sagittal section
cut along lengthwise or longitudinal, dividing body into left and right parts
Section
cut
Plantar
sole of the foot on inferior body surface
Vertebral
area of spine
Sural
the posterior surface of lower lef; the calf
scapular
shoulder blade region
sacral
between hips
popliteal
posterior knee area
olecranal
posterior surface of elbow
occipital
posterior surface of head
lumbar
area of back between ribs and hips
gluteal
buttock
femoral
thigh
cephalic
head
Calcaneal
heel of foot
umbilical
navel
thoracic
chest
tarsal
ankle region
sternal
breastbone area
Pubic
genital region
Pelvic
area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
Patellar
anterior knee
orbital
eye area
oral
mouth
Nasal
nose area
Inguinal
area where thigh meets body trunk; groin
frontal
forehead
fibular
lateral part of lef
femoral
thigh
digital
fingers, toes
Deltoid
curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle
Crural
leg
Coxal
hip
Cervical
neck region
Carpal
wrist
Buccal
cheek area
Brachial
arm
Axillary
armpit
antecubital
anterior surface of elbow
antebrachial
forearm
Acromial
point of shoulder
Abdominal
anterior body trunk inferior to ribs
Directional Terms
allow medical personnel and anatomists to explain where one structure is in relation to another
Anatomical Position
standard position as in standing up with palms forward
Homeostatic imbalance
internal conditions become less stable
Positive Feedback Mechanisms
Increase the original disturbance or stimulus and push variable further away from its original value
Hypothalamus
regulates body temperature
negative feedback mechanisms
the net effect of the response to the stimulus is to shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity
Effector
provides the means for the control center's response or output to the stimulus and info flows along efferent pathway
control cente
analyzes info it receives and determimes the appropriate response or course of action
afferent pathway
the flow of info from receptor to control center's path
stimuli
the changes receptors respond to
Receptor
a sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment and sends out information or input to the control center
Homeostasis
the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continously changing
Atmospheric Pressure
the force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air
body temperature
34 degress celcuis/98F
nutrients
contain chemicals used for energy and cell building that the body takes in through food
survival needs
factors that are required to survive like nutrients, oxygen, water and proper temperature and atmospheric pressure
Growth
increase in size, usually accomplished by an increase in the number of cells
Reproduction
the production of offspring that occurs on the cellular or organismal level
Excretion
the process of removing excreta or wastes from the body
Metabolism
all chemical reactions that occur within body cells
Digestion
the process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood
Irratability
ability to sense changes or stimuli and react to them
Responsiveness
ability to sense changes or stimuli and react to them
Movement
includes all activites promoted by muscular system
Reproductive Systtem
produces offspring
Urinary System
removes nitrogen containing wastes from blood and flushs them from the body in urine; regulates water and acid base balance in blood
Digestive System
Tube running through the body from mouth to anus and includes oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines and rectum; breaks own food and delivers products to blood for disperal to body cells
Respiratory System
Keeps blood constantly supplies with oxygen and removes CO2; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs; includes pharnyx, nasal passages, larnyx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Lymphatic System
complements role of cardiovascular system and includes lympathic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen and tonsils; picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns them to blood
Cardiovascular System
heart and blood vessels; blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to tissue cells where exchanges are made
Endocrine System
controls body activities but slowly; produces hormones and releases them into blood; regulates growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells; includes ovaries, testes, thymus, pancreas, adrenals, parathyrods, thyroid, pituary
Nervous System
body's fast-acting control system and conssits of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors; activates appropriate muscles and glands as response to internal and external changes
Muscular System
allows manipulation of locomotiona dnof environment and facial expresisons; maintains posture; produces heat; skeletal muscles form this
Skeletal System
bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints; supports the bones and provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movement; supports body organs and protects them
Integumentary system
external covering of the body or the skin and is waterproof; protects deep tissues from injury and regulates body temperature; located in cutaneuous receptors and sweat and oil glands
Organism
highest level of structural organization and all organ system make up the living body, or organism
Organ System
group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose like the digestive system
Organ
Stucture composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body; organ level allows complicated functions to be possible like digestion
Tissues
consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function
Cells
made of molecules and are the smallest units of all living things; have functions but are based on size and shape
Atoms
tiny building blocks of matter which combine to form molecules such as sugar, water, and proteins
Organ System Level
Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Organ Level
Organs are made up of different types of tissue
Tissue Level
Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Cellular Level
Cells are made up of molecules
Chemical Level
Atoms combine to form molecules
Cardiac Physiology
Studies the function of the heart, which acts as a muscular pump to keep blood flowing throughout the body
Neurophysiology
explains the workings of the nervous system
Physiology
The study of how the body and its part work or function
Microscopic Anatomy
The study of body structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye like the cells and tissues of the body
Gross Anatomy
Large, observable structures like the heart and bones
Anatomy
The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another
Place this card into pile: