Study ap psych prologue Flash Cards

 
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ap psych prologue

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SQ3R study method
study, question, read, review, and reflect
social psychologists
explore how we view and affect one another
personality psychologists
investigate our persistent traits
cognitive psychologists
experiment with how we perceive, think, and solve problems
developmental psychologists
study our changing abilities from birth to death
biological psychologists
explore the links between brain and mind
biggest issue in psychology
the relative contributions of biology and experience (nature vs nurture)
nurture works on what nature endows
psychology's subfields
1) basic research 2) applied research 3) counseling 4) clinical 5) psychiatry
psychology's perspectives
1) neuroscience 2) evolutionary 3) behavior genetics 4) psychodynamic 5) behavioral 6) cognitive 7) social-cultural
psychiatry
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy
clinical
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
counseling
a branch of psychology that assists people with problem in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being
applied research
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
basic research
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
social-cultural perspective
how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
cognitive perspective
how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
behavioral perspective
how we learn observable responses
psychodynamic perspective
how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
behavior genetics perspective
how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences
evolutionary perspective
how the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes
neuroscience perspective
how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
levels of analysis
the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
natural selection
the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
nature-nurture issue
the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genres and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
cognitive neuroscience
the study of the interaction of thought processes and brain function
cognitive revolution
supported ideas developed by earlier psychologists like the importance of considering internal thought, but expanded on those ideas
humanistic psychology
historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people; used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth; softer 1960s response to Freudian psychology and behaviorism; pioneers Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow; importance of current environmental influences on our growth and the importance of love and acceptance
behaviorists
believe that you can't observe a sensation, feeling, or thought, but you can observe and record people behavior as they respond to it
American psychologists
led by John B Watson and then BF Skinner; dismissed introspection of the 1920s and redefined psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior; behaviorists
what psychologists focused on inner sensations?
wundt and titchener, James engaged in introspective examination too
Jean Piaget
last century's most influential observer of children; swiss biologist
Sigmund Freud
Austrian physician; developed an influential theory of personality
Ivan pavlov
pioneered the study of learning, Russian physiologist
Margaret Floy Washburn
first female psychology PhD; second APA president
Mary Calkins
William James admitted her to his Harvard class; when other students dropped her tutored her; harvard denied her a degree, but she became APAs first female president
functionalism
a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish; why does the nose smell etc- because of adaptation; down to earth
structuralism
an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind; Wundt's student titchener introduced it; unreliable- results vary from person to person, recollections err, requires smart and verbal people
empiricism
knowledge comes from experience through the senses; science needs research, observation, and experimentation
monists
believe that the mind and body are different aspects of the same thing
Dualists
believe that the mind can exist separately from the body
What is the root of psychology?
biology
William James
Considered the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings; under the influence of Charles Darwin; said the functions of or body are adaptive; he was a functionalist who encouraged explorations; greatest legacy came from his Harvard teaching and writing; admitted Mary Calkins and when everyone else quit the class he tutored her privately; she became the APA’s first female president; James also made a textbook, the Principles of Psychology
Titchener
Wundt’s student; introduced structuralism; aimed to discover the elements of the mind through introspection; however, these ideas waned since introspection required smart people but also varied and sometimes erred
Willhelm Wundt
Started the birth of psychology as we know it; created an experiment that measured the time lag between people’s hearing a ball hit a platform and their pressing a telegraph key; to be aware of one’s awareness takes longer; seeking to measure the fastest and simplest mental process; psychology’s first experiment
Locke
A British political philosopher who wrote An Essay Concerning Human Understanding; argued that the mind at birth is “white paper.” Helped form modern empiricism with Bacon
Bacon
British scientist; one of the founders of modern science; used experiment, experience, and common-sense judgment to anticipate the mind’s hunger to perceive patterns in random events; helped form modern empiricism with Locke
Descartes
Frenchman during the 1600s who agreed with Socrates and Plato about innate ideas and the mind surviving the body’s death; dissected animals and found “animal spirits,” which flow through the nerves
Aristotle
Student of Plato, used data more than Socrates and Plato, who relied on logic; learned from observation; knowledge grows from experience
Plato
Student of Socrates; mind is separable from body, knowledge is innate
Socrates
Philosopher-teacher of ancient Greece who concluded with his student, Plato, that mind is separable from body and continues after the body dies; also that knowledge is innate
Confucius
stressed the power of ideas and of an educated mind
Buddha
pondered how sensations and perceptions combine to form ideas
mental processes
the internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior
behavior
something an organism does
psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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