Study Honors Bio Unit 2 Vocab Flash Cards

 
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Honors Bio Unit 2 Vocab

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a toxin that damages or destroys nerve tissue
neurotoxin
toxin that causes hemolytic reaction
hemotoxin
colorless, odorless sweet liquid obtained by saponification of natural fats and oils
glycerol
label on food containers informing consumer of contents
food label
nucleic acid consisting of a long chain of nucleotide units; similar to DNA, but containing ribose
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
a sugar having several optically different forms
glucose
the ability of a substance to draw another substance into it
capillary action
an ester obtained from glycerol by the esterification of 3 hydroxyl groups with fatty acids
triglyceride
any of the various phosphorus - containing lipids that are composed mainly of fatty acids
phospholipids
having a strong affinity for water
hydrophilic
having little or no affinity for water
hydrophobic
any class of aliphatic acids consisting a long hydocarbon chain ending in a carboxyl group that bonds to glycerol to form a fat
fatty acid
any of a group of carbohydrates that yield monosaccharides on hydrolysis
disaccharide
a peptide that yields two amino acids - on hydrolysis
dipeptide
basic organic molecule that combines to form proteins
amino acid
any compound of carbon and any other element
organic compound
chemical decomposition in which a compound is split into other compounds by reacting with water
hydrolysis
chemical reaction in which 2 molecules combine to form a single one
condensation reaction
a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue; the major source of energy for cellular reactions
adenosine triphosphate
capable of ionizing; electrolytic
polar
the molecular force between particles within a body or substance that acts to unite them
cohesion
the molecular force of attraction in the area of contact between unlike bodies that acts to hold them together
adhesion
ionized hydrogen of form H+, found in aqueous solutions of all acids
hydrogen ion
atom that causes acidity in the pH scale; hydrated hydrogen ion, H30+
hydronium atom
atom that causes base in the pH scale; anion OH-
hydroxide atom
a submit of nucleic acid formed from a simple sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
nucleotide
complex macromolecule that stores and communicates genetic information
nucleic acid
carbon compound joined by peptide bonds; building block of proteins
amino acid
organic compound made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds; primary building blocks of organisms
protein
hydrophobic biological molecule composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen; fats, oils, wax
lipid
organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom
carbohydrate
molecule of low molecular weight capable of reacting with identical or different molecules of low molecular weight to form a polymer
monomer
large molecule formed from smaller repeating units of identical, or nearly identical, compounds linked by covalent bonds
polymer
large molecule formed by joining smaller organic molecules together
macromolecule
mixture that can react with an acid or a base to maintain the pH within a specific range
buffer
measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution
pH
substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water
base
substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water
acid
substance dissolved in a solvent
solute
substance in which another substance is dissolved
solvent
homogeneous mixture formed when the solute is dissolved in the solvent
solution
homogeneous/heterogeneous combination of two or more different substances in which each substance keeps its individual characteristics
mixture
weak electrostatic bond formed by the attraction of opposite charges between a hydrogen atom and an oxygen, fluorine, or nitrogen atom
hydrogen bond
molecule with oppositely charged regions
polar molecule
specific place where a substrate binds on an enzyme
active site
reactant to which an enzyme binds
substrate
protein that speeds up a biological reaction by lowering the activation energy needed to start the reaction
enzyme
substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by reducing the activation energy
catalyst
minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction
activation energy
substance that exists before a chemical reaction starts; located on the left side of the arrow in a chemical equation
product
energy-requiring process by which atoms or goups of atoms in substances are changed into different substances
chemical reaction
attractive forces between molecules
van der Waals force
electrical attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms
ionic bond
atom that is negatively or positively charged because it has lost or gained one or more electrons
ion
compound whose atoms are held together by covalent bonds
molecule
type of chemical bond formed when atoms share electrons
covalent bond
pure substance with unique properties; formed when two or more different elements combine
compound
two or more atoms of the same element having different numbers of neutrons
isotope
pure substance composed of only one type of atom; cannot be broken down into another substance by physical or chemical means
element
negatively charged particle that occupies space around an atom's nucleus
electron
particle without a charge in an atom's nucleus
neutron
positively charged particle in an atom's nucleus
proton
center of an atom, contains neutrons and protons
nucleus
building block of matter; contains subatomic particles - neutrons, protons, electrons
atom
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