Study Test 3 Genetics Flash Cards

 
Pile Management Card
Test 3 Genetics

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Allopolyploids
polyploid hybrid species with chromosomes sets from 2 species
Autopolyploidy
formed when chromosomes don't separate into 2 cells during mitosis in diploid
New species can be generated by changes in chromosome number these 2 ways...
1)autopolyploidy
2)allopolyploidy
monoploids
have a single complete set of chromosome
polyploids
have complete extra sets of chromosomes
tetraploids
4x.......4 sets of chromosomes
triploids
3x........3 sets of chromosomes
diploids
2x.......2 complete sets of chromosomes
monoploids
1x......1 complete set of chromosomes
basic chromosome number
normal # of chromosome sets
Euploidy
containing only complete sets of chromosomes
Mosaic gynandromorphs
nondisjunction in mitotic division after 2-cell stage (patches of male and female cells--not along bilateral axis)
ex: butterflies
Bilateral gynandromorphs
nondisjunction during 1st mitosis (half male, half female along bilateral axis)
ex: butterflies
Mosaicism
a chromosome lost or gained in mitosis
Aneuploidy in humans causes?
Down Syndrome or Trisomy 21
Double Tetrasomic
gain of 2 pairs of homologous chromosomes
(2n+2+2)
Double Trisomic
an extra copy of 2 homologous chromosomes
(2n+1+1)
Double Monosomic
loss of 2 nonhomologous chromosomes
(2n-1-1)
Tetrasomy
gain of a homologous chromosome pair
(2n+2)
Trisomy
gain of a single chromosome pair
(2n+1)
Monosomy
loss of a single chromosome(2n-1)
Nullisomy
loss of a homologous chromosome pair
(2n-2)
How does aneuploidy arise?
1)chromosome lost when centromere deleted (can't attach to mitotic spindle)
2)Robertsonian translocation (small chromosomes lost)
3)Nondisjunction- homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids don't separate in meiosis or mitosis
Polyploidy/Monoploidy
change in the number of full chromosome sets
Aneuploidy
change in the number of individual chromosomes
Changes in Chromosome Number
loss or gain of individual chromosome or sets of chromosomes
Chromosomal Rearrangements
modification of DNA sequence in 1 or more chromosomes
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