Study bones, muscles, joints Flash Cards

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Pile Management Card
bones, muscles, joints

antagonist

opposes action of agonist
rectus femoris is antagonist to the hamstrings extends the leg

adductor longus

name based on its action- abducts the thigh

smooth muscle

involuntary, located in walls of hollow organs

cardiac muscle

involuntary, pumps blood into circulation, located inside walls of heart

skeletal muscle

voluntary, located throughout the body attached to bones

synergist

muscle that assists agonist
supraspinatus muscle assists the deltoid in abduction

agonist

prime mover, principle muscle involved in an action
biceps femoris flexes the knee

striations

dark & light bands (A & I) which appear under a microscope when viewing skeletal muscle

what zones disappear when muscle contracts?

H zone & I band

fixator

muscle that stabilizes the bone movement when another is contracting

4 characteristics of muscle
E^3 C

elasticity, extensibility, excitability, contractility

big muscles relates to:

increase in connective tissue btween myofibers and increase in # of mitochondria

calcium ions

breaks up troponin & tropomyosin bond to free binding sites on actin for myosin to bind to

ATP

provides energy, allows myosin heads to slide actin filaments

muscle contraction requires:

calcium ion and ATP

thick vs thin filaments

thin composed of actin
thick composed of myosin

sliding filament theory- which contract?

myofibril, myofiber, sarcomere

sequence order

myofilaments, myofibrils, myofiber, fascicle, muscle

proteins

4 organic molecules that compose myofilaments

fascicles vs myofibrils

fascicles- bundles of fibers surrounded my connective tissue perimyssium
myofibrils- bundles of myofilaments surrounded by sarcolemma

sarcoplasmic reticulum

endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cell stores calcium ions

sarcolemma

muscle cell membrane

sarcomere

functional unit of skeletal muscle

motor unit

consists of a single nerve fiber and all muscle fibers it innervates

myofillament

contractile element in skeletal muscle

myofibril

component of muscle cells made of myofillaments

myofiber

muscle cell

fascicle

bundle of muscle fibers

epymisium

connective tissue covering muscle

perimisium

connective tissue layer btween fascicles

endomysium

connective tissue covering around muscle fiber sarcolemma

diarthrosis (synovial joints)

freely movable, defined by the presence of a synovial joint cavity filled w synovial fluid, most common joint (knee, shoulder, finger, ankle, wrist, atlas/axis, distal end of tibia & fibula, tmj)

amphiarthrosis (cartilagenous)

2 joints joined by cartilage, slightly movable, 2 kinds: sychondrosis & symphysis, (intervertebral disc, pubic symphisis, hip, elbow, ribs/sternum, epiphyseal plate)

synarthroses (fibrous)

adjacent bones joined by collagen fibers, no movemet, 3 kinds: sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphosis-teeth (radioulnar)

tendons

join muscles to bones (tendon of quadriceps femoris)
consists of dense regular connective tissue

ligaments

join bones to bones (medial collateral ligament)
consists of dense regular connective tissue

menisci

found in knee joint, fibrocatilaginous disc that improves the fit between bone ends to minimize the wear and tear on joint surfaces

bursae

fluid filled sac that acts like a "ball bearing" decreasing friction in joints

joint

a place where 2 bones come together, hold skeleton together, allow for increased mobility and flexibility of skeleton, classified by function and structure

intramembranous ossification

process in which bone is formed by ossification of connective tissue, only skull and clavicle bones are formed by this process

endochondral ossification

process in which bone is formed from hyaline cartilage, majority of bones are formed by this process

compact bone vs spongy

compact consist of osteons w osteocytes in lacuane and lamellae
spongy consists of trabecuale filled with red bone marrow

bony matrix

composed of (organic) proteins and (inorganic) mineral salts such as calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide fibers, play role in calcification of bone, form crystals of hydroxyapatite which harden the extra cellular matrix

mesenchyme

connective tissues in embryos in dermal layer of skin

carpals/metacarpals/digits

8+5+5=18

tarsals, metatarsals, digits

7+5+5= 17

pelvic inlet

true pelvis, largest hole in pelvis

male vs female pelvic bone

males have more curvature in sacrum, male pelvic inlet and outlet is smaller and less wider, males have smaller pubic angles

ischial tuberosity

butt bone

3 pelvic bones

illium, ischium,pubis...illium being the largest and articulates to sacrum

neck of femur

where majority of hip fractures occur

C1 vs C2

C1 lacks a body and called atlas, C2 called axis has process on which atlas rotates called dens/odontoid

thoracic vertebrae

heart shaped body, long spinous process which point inferiorly

cervical vertebrae

transverse process contain round transverse foramina

hyoid bone

only bone that does not articulate w any other bone, attachment site for for tongue and larynx muscles and ligaments

2 bones of TMJ

temporal and mandible

4 cranial sutures

sagittal, squamous, coronal, lamboid

5 types of vertebra

crevical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

10 cranial bones or part of

temporal, ethmoid, sphenoid, parietal, occipital, frontal, crista galli, sella turcica, cribiform plate, mastoid process, zygomatic arch, external auditory meatus

nasal conchae

creates turbulance in inhaled air

4 paranasal sinuses

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary

paranasal sinus

enclose, protect and support organs like the brain, passageway for blood and lymph, reduce weight of skull

osteogenic/osteoprogenitor

found in periosteum and endosteum, gives rise to osteoblasts

osteocyte

mature osteoblast, surrounded by bony matrix but does not produce it, found in osteons, arise from macrophages (leukocytes)

osteoblast

produces bony matrix, activated when blood calcium levels are low, activated by parathyroid hormone ( increases calcium)

osteoclast

breaks down bony matrix, activated when blood calcium levels are high, activated by calcitonin (decreases calcium)

4 types of bone cells

osteoclast, osteoblast, osteocyte, osteogenic (osteoprogenitor)

irregular bone

complex in shape, (ethmoid)

flat bone

flat and thin, composed of rough parallel surface of compact bone and internal layer of spongy, protect underlying soft tissues and provides surface for muscle attachment, (roof of the skull)

short bone

nearly equal in length and width, externally covered by compact bone and internally by spongy, (patella)

long bone

greater in length than width, have a diaphysis, most common bone shape (femur)

canaliculi

tiny canals in bony matrix thru which nutrients/waste travels to/from osteocytes

lacuanae

spaces in which osteocytes lie

lamellae

concentric rings of bony mtrix in compact bone

volcann's canal (perforating)

horizontal canals carrying blood vessels and nerves, in compact bone

harvesian (central) canal

vertical canals carrying blood vessels and nerves, in compact bone

diploee

spongy bone layer in flat bone

3 bones where red marrow can be found

flat bones of skull, sternum, proximal epiphysis of femur

Functions of skeletal system

support of the body, protect organs (rib cage, pelvic girdle, cranium, vertebral column), movement, blood cell production, stores minerals

Skeletal organs

bones 206 named, cartilages, joints and articulations,ligaments-connect bone to bone dense reg connective tissue

Trabeculae

thin plates of bone in spongy bone, form lattice work structure, space called trabecular spaces

Red bone marrow

found in spongy bone, used for hematopoeisis (blood cell formation)

Yellow bone marrow

found inside medullary cavity in adult bone, used for lipid storage

2 types of cartilage

hyaline (articular) ends of long bones, (costal) btween ribs and sternum, (fetal skeleton)
fibrocartilage found in pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks, menisci of the knee joints

Periosteum

connective tissue covering the shaft, outer connective tissue covering the diaphysis

Endosteum

connective tissue lining the medullary cavity

Metaphysis

middle btween epi/diaphysis, made up of either hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal plate- bones grow in length) or bone tissue (epiphyseal line- no more length/growth can occur...ossified remnant of the growth plate)

Epiphysis

ends of a long bone, made up of spongy bone (cancellous) and thin outer layer os compact bone, where articular occurs

Diaphysis

shaft of a long bone, made up of compact and dense bone, provides strength

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