Study Micro Ch 8 Flash Cards

 
Pile Management Card
Micro Ch 8

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Restriction enzymes
cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences. Instead of cutting the molecules straight accross, they leave "sticky" ends. Any DNA cleaved by such and enzyme can be joined readily to another DNA molecule cleaved by the same enzyme. (**DNA ligaseis used for permanent union (2 dif DNA's)
endonuclease
Recombinant DNA technology
making recombinant DNA involves three processes:
1. manipulation of DNA invitro (that is out side cells)
2. VECTOR. the recombination of another organisms DNA with bacterial DNA in a phage or a plasmid.
3. the cloning, or production of many genetically identical progent, of phages or plasmids that carry foreign DNA.
2 DNA's put together.
You have to have one gene of interest, one plasmid or phage, and one bacteria.
Bacteria are commonly used as hosts
b/c if easily isolation * DNA bacterial cultures grow quickly >rapidly cloning the instered forgeign gene.
Vectors
(bacterial plasmid or virus) are used for moving DNA from test tubes-> into cells.
Recombinant DNA technology
refers to the set of technologies for recombinating genes from different source in vitro and transferring this recombinant DNA into a cell (invitro) where it may be expressed. (translate into MRNA to protien)
>includes methods for:
1. obtaining DNA segments short enough to be analyzed and manipulated.
2. obtaining large quantities of identical DNA segments.
3. Determining the exact order of the nucleotides in a DN segement.
4. Locating and identifying specific DNA segments of interest.
DNA technology
is a powerful set of technologies that help to manipulate and analyse genetic material.
TOOL KIT--->
1. restriction enzymes and other enzymes
2. DNA vectors
3. Host organisms.
Genetic Engineering
Antibiotics
inhibit or kill microbial growth, (increase yeilds by gene amplification.)
Genetic Engineering
Human hemoglobin
blood substitute in emergencies (produced in gene-altered pigs)
Genetic Engineering
AIDS subunit vaccine (in clinical trials)
incomplete virus vaccine
Genetic Engineering
Hepatitis A and B vaccines
Prevent Hepatitis
Genetic Engineering
Epidermal growth factor
heal wounds
Genetic Engineering
Bone growth factor
heal bone fractures, treat osteoporosis, stimulate bone growth.
Genetic Engineering
Erythropoietin
treat anemia, stimulate formation of new red blood cells.
Genetic Engineering
Blood clotting factor VIII
treat hemophilia
Genetic Engineering
Human growth hormone
prevent pituitary dwarfism
Genetic engineering
Human Insulin
Treats diabetes
Genetic engineering
refers to the purposeful manipulation of genetic material to alter the characteristics of an organism in a desired way. (fruits and veg, medication)
Transposon
is a transposable element that contains the genes for transposition.
Transposable Element
mobile genetic sequence. The simplest type of transposbale element, an insertion sequence.
Transposition
the ability of a genetic sequence to move from one location to another.
Table 8.2 Page 222.
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Catabolic Enzymes
some plasmids contain genes for catabolic enzymes. Generally, plasmids carry genes that code for functions not essential for cell growth, the chromosome carries the genes that code for essential functions.
Tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmids
can cause tumor formation in plants (affect plants)
Virulence plasmids
such as those in salmonella, or the neurotoxin genes carried on plasmids in Clostridium tetani, cause disease signs and symptoms
Other plasmids
direct the synthesis of bacteriocidal (bacteria-killing) proteins called bacteriocins.
Resistance (R) plasmids
carry genes that provide resistance to various antibiotics such as chloramphenicol and tetracycline and to heavy metals such as arsenic and mercury
F plasmids (fertility factors)
direct the synthesis of proteins that self-assemble into conjugation pili.
Table 8.1
F' donor, F- recipient
F' cell with some duplicate gene pairs: one on chromosome, one on plasmid.
Table 8.1
Hfr Donor, F- recipient
F- with variable quantitiy of chromosomal DNA (F- recombinant) some of both?
Table 8.1
F+ Donor F- recipient
F+ cells both Male
Conjugation
F+ cells and F- Cells
F+ cells= male/donor cells
F- Cells= female/recipient cells
F+ cells contain extrachromosomal DNA called Fertility plasmids.
F+ cells make F pilus (sex pilus or conjugation pilus) a bridge by which it attaches to the F- cell.
F plasmids are circular, double stranded DNA molecules.
Conjugation
No cells die, both cells are alive.
Genetic info is transferred from one bacterial cell to another. Conjugation differs from those other mechanisms in two ways.
1. requires contact between donor and recipient cells.
2. transfers much larger quantities of DNA (occasionally whole chromosomes)
Generalized Transduction
bacteriophage infection of a host bacterium starts the lytic cycle. Bacterial chromosomes are fragmented and picked up to be packaged with the phage DNA into new phage particles. NO PARTICULAR AREA OF INTEGRATION. The new phages attack another host they carry the previous hosts DNA too.
Specialized Transduction
Several lysogenic phages are known to carry out specialized transduction. Lambda (h) phage in Escherichia coli has been extensively studied.
***phages usually insert at a SPECIFIC AREA when they integrate with a chromosome. (NEAR THE SITE OF PROPHAGE)Lambda phage inserts into the E. coli chromosome between the gal gene, which controls galactose use, and the bio gene, which controls biotin synthesis.
lysogeny
presistence of a prophage without phage replication and destruction of the bacterial cell.
Prophage
Combo of 2 DNA, DNA that is incorporated into the host bacterium's DNA.
Temperate Phage
ordinarily does not cause a distruptive infection. DNA is incorporated into a bacterium's DNA and replicated with it.
Bacteriophage Life Cycle
(Lytic Cycle)
1. phage attaches to receptor site on bacterial cell wall, penetrates and inserts its DNA.
2. Phage DNA directs the bac cells metabolism to produce viral components- proteins and copies of phage DNA.
3. empty phage heads are synthesized.
4. heads are packed with DNA
5. collars, sheaths, and base plates attached to heads. Tail fibers added last.
6. Bacterial cell lyses (dies), releasing completed infective phages.
Bacteriophage Life Cycle
(Lysogenic Cycle)
1. Phage attaches to receptor site on Bacteria. Releases DNA.
2. phage DNA inserts itself as a prophage into the bacterial chromosome.
3. phage is replicated along with Bacterial DNA
4. Binary fission complete each cell has the phage DNA incorporated.
(Can last for generations)
(Bacteria is not affected)
Phages
composed of a core of nucleic acid covered by a protein coat. Capable of infecting a bacterium attaches to a receptor site on the cell wall. Virus
Virulent Phage
capable of causing infection and eventually, the distruction and death of a bacterial cell (Lytic Cell)
Bacteriophage
a virus that can infect bacteria.
Transduction
is a method of transferring genetic material from one bacterium to another. Bacteriophages carry the DNA.
Griffith's Experiment
Discovery of Transformation=
Mice(pneumococcal)
S-type bacteria is alive and capable of killing.
R-type isn't capable of killing.
Heat killed S-type and R-type put in a mouse together produces transformation of DNA from the dead S-type picked up by the R-type and R-type is turned into Killer S-type.
Naked DNA
DNA that has been released from one org after the cell is lysed and DNA is no longer incorporated into chromosomes. S-type is lysed (dead) and R-type picks it up and becomes S-type.
Transformation
Competence factor=facilitiates the entry of DNA into a cell, DNA transport proteins and DNA exonuclease (an enzyme that cuts up DNA) is also needed.
Transormation
a change in an organism's characteristics because of the transfer of genetic information.
Dead bacteria leaves behind it's DNA, and another bacteria picks it up.
Horizontal or Lateral gene transfer
pass genes to other microbes of their same generation.
Vertical gene transfer
genes pass from parents to offspring (Bacteria)
Recombination
combining of genes (DNA) from two different cells.
Gene Transfer
movement of genetic information between organisms
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