Study crim midterm Flash Cards

 
Pile Management Card
crim midterm

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crime occurs when...
a person's bonds to society are weakened or broken
tannebaum
focused on what happened after individuals committed crime- they're seen differently by society
-tagging
who is the main thiker behind positivism and what is he known as
cesar lembroso
the father of criminology
social disorganization critique
ecological failacy- use of group crime rates to explain individual behavior
ecological determination- based on the concept that social structure is a determining mechanism wheter they are delinquent or not regardless of all other factors
Bursik and grasmick's three levels of control
private level
public- relationship between neighborhood and other sorts of organizations
parochial level- relationship between the families and the neighborhood
three components of social disorganization theory
poverty, residential mobility, racial and ethnic heterogeneity
importance of Osgood's test
looked at the individual offender rather then the total crime rate
-motivation(situational)
-suitable target(situational)
unstructured socialization with peers leads to delinquency
Loewstein(1997)
sexual assault- test about prearousal and sexual aggression
prearousal and immediate arrousal test groups were more likely to imagine using sexual forcefullness then the control group
routine activities theory and the increase of crime in the 1960's
attempts to explain why crime occurs relating to lifestyle and opportunity
-increased in 60s because of the increase in general wealth(people have more, better things to steal)\
deterrence theory and punishment
punishment should be preventative swift and severe
the two competing schools of thought to come out of early criminology
classical and positivist
turning points
transitions that change a persons trajectory
ex) marriage or a meaningful job
transitions
changes that occur due to specific events
trajectory
long term patterns or sequences of behavior
life course persistent vs. adolescent-limited offenders
adolescent limited mainly only offend during adolescence and life course offend throughout the majority of their life
street vs.decent
street people adopt the code, react to even the slightest form of disrespect with violence
decent people are members of the work force, go to church, two parent households
master status
the status that defines you overall
ex) a delinquent's master status is delinquent
status degradation ceremony
ceremonies by which individuals are defined by society and themselves as deviant
-talkinga bout trials, crim justice system
secondary deviance
the result of a dynamic interaction between n individuals deviance and the society's response
-changes people
-behavior is recognized
primary deviance
occasional or situational, may be rationalized by either the actor and/or the social audience
differential reinforcement
behavior is the balance of anticipated or actual rewards or punishments that are consequences of the behavior
belief
having a belief in conventional norms and the law
involvement
the engagement in legitimate social and recreational activities
commitment
the degree to which an individual maintains a vested interest in the social and economic system
attachment
your bonds to others and institutions
intensity
the degree of meaning attached to the exposure
priority
the preference that individuals express toward the values and attitudes exposed
duration
length of time exposed to the contact
frequency
number of contacts, number times you see that one person
"middle class measuring rod"
youth are held to the standards of the middle and upper class regardless of their own individual socioeconomic standard
status frustration
Ex) kids get frustrated because they can't achieve middle class goals so they seek status through delinquency
modes of adaption (5)
adaption: Martha stewert used illegitimate trading
Ritualism: micheal scott(the office) doesnt want to be promoted
Rebellion: Hippies replace goals and means with goals and means of their own
Retreatism: L.Lohan reject goals and means
Conformity: O'Bama
anomie: Durkheim's definition
normlessness, during periods of rapid social change, it's hard for society to regulate behavior- becomes normlessness
reaction formation
a process in which a person openly rejects what they want but cannot achieve
ex) kids who want to go to college but can't reject their friend who's going
collective efficacy
social cohesion
-willingness to intervene for the common good
ex) call the cops when you see something happening to someone else
Cultural transmission
old delinquents teach younger delinquents about traditions, skills
Utilitarian philosophy
maximize pleasure and minimize pain
target hardening
specifically refers to increasing the effort
Simultaneity
competing explanations
-sanction was imposed because of the crime rate
Displacement
when crime takes another form as a result to intervention
-you focus on one area and as a result crime goes to another area
Robbery
use of violence while stealing, spontaneous

-using a gun or hitting the person
burglary
FBI def: the unlawful entry of structure to commit serious crime, usually theft or property
-breaking into a house/ structure
larceny
FBI def: unlawful taking, carrying leading, or riding away of property from posession or constructive possession of another
-no violence
-taking something without the person seeing
deviance
a violation of a social norm
Ex) speeding, underage drinking
four main rights given to victims in Maryland
the right to be heard, the right to be present, the right to be respected, the right to be informed of rights
official reporting
information on crime submitted by official agencies (police depts)
Victim reporting
information on crime gathered through interviews with citizens (National Crime Victimization Survey)
white collar crime
crime done by someone of high social standing. -planned in advance Ex) embezzlement, extortion, money laundering, tax evasion, insurance fraud.
terrorism
threatened or actual use of illegal force directed against civilians by non state actors, to obtain political gain through fear, intimidation.
Scully and Marolla
found that deniers of rape: said women were seductresses, relaxed and enjoyed it, only a minor wrong doing
found that admitters of rape: justified through being drunk or high, emotional problems, nice guy image
Rape
the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will

7/10 victims are raped by someone who was a relative, friend, or aquantance
Advantages and weaknesses of Self Report Data
+ easy, gets rid of the dark figure of crime, anonymous

- dishonesty, reporters not wanting other people to find out, not standardized
Advantages and weaknesses of NCVS
+ looks at the cost of crime (mental Health, $)

- inaccurate reporting(exagerations, people dont want to talk about incident, victim exhaustion, time and sample bias (homeless people arent getting interviewed)
NCVS
National Crime Victimizations Survey
Self report
information on crimes supplied through interviews with people who admit to their own crimality

focuses on youth crime
NIBRS
National Incident Based Reporting System

collects detailed information about the sircumstances surrounding the crime
advantages and weaknesses of UCR
+ easy to collect, been around since '30's,inexpensice, you can see what the big picture is
- dark figure of crime, hierarchy rule
ways to express crime data
raw figures, change over time, rates
UCR
Uniform Crime Reports: goal is to develop a uniform set of crime statistics
-large database compiled by the FBI
What are the 3 main sources of crime data
official, victim, and self report
race most likely to commit crime
african american
gender most likely to be victimized
male
age range most likely to be offenders
15-25 years old
the strongest correlate of crime
gender
mass murder
killing of 4 or more victims at one location at one time
spree killing
the killing of multiple victims at 2 locations over a short time
serial murder
several victums in 3 or more seperate events
involuntary manslaughter
an accidental killing
Ex) killing someone driving drunk
2nd degree murder
crimes of passion
1st degree murder
premeditated
Hierarchy Rule
only the most serious crime is reported
dark figure of crime
all crime thats unreported, victimless crimes(drug use, prostitution)
crime funnel
shows all crimes committed and that only some criminals are prosecuted(bottom of the funnel)
-not all criminal activity is reported
mala prohibita
crimes that are bad because they've been prohibited.
Ex) speeding, smoking marijuana
mala se
acts that are bad in and of themselves
Ex) rape
consensus perspective
the definition of crime is based on a shared set of values and norms
conflict perspective
those in power determine the law
law
formal modes of control, institutionalized, always involve legal sanctions
mores
moral judgments
Ex) being gay in a religious community
adultery
folkway
1 of 3 types of norms.
least serious.
traditions, etiquitte.
norm
a rule about what is socially acceptable
crime
an act that violates the law and is punishable by state
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