Study PSYC 1 Flash Cards

 
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PSYC 1

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What is the 7+/- 2 Rule?
The ability to remember [short term] between 5 and 9 chunks, the average is 7.
Proactive interference
Occurs when previously learned information disrupts ability to remember newer information
Retroactive interference
Occurs when a previously learned information disrupts the ability to remember older information
Flashbulb Memory [definition]
Events of extreme surprise and great personal consequence
Implicit Memory [definition]
Consists of memories that cannot be described verbally and which are not available to consciousness; movements, muscle memory
Explicit Memory [definition]
Consists of memories that can be described verbally
Semantic Memory [definition]
Conceptual information containing data, facts and other information such as vocabulary
Episodic Memory [definition]
Record of life experiences tied to particular contexts
Mnemonics
Conscious strategies designed to improve memory. Examples: loci, peg word and narrative stories or songs
Broca's Area v. Wernicke's Area
Broca's area associated with speech recognition and Wernicke's area associated with speech formation
Conduction Aphasia
An inability to remember worlds that are heard, even though the words are understood and responded to correctly.
Chunking [definition]
A method of grouping in working memory
Recency Effects [definition]
Tendency to recall later information
Primacy Effects [definition]
Tendency to remember initial information
Retrieval [definition]
Active process of locating and using stored information
Storage [definition]
The process of maintaining information in memory
Long Term Memory[definition]
Memory in which information is represented on permanent or near permanent basis
Working Memory [definition]
Memory for new information and information retrieved from long term memory
Short Term Memory [definition]
Immediate memory for stimuli that have just been perceived. Limited in terms of capacity [72 chunks] and duration [less than 20 seconds]
Echoic Memory [definition]
Auditory sensory memory-- holds a sound clip of what you have just heard
Iconic Memory [definition]
Visual sensory memory-- holds an image of what you have seen
Encoding
Process by which sensory info is converted into a form that can be used by the brain's memory system
Memory [definition]
The cognitive process of encoding, storing and retrieving information
Perceptual Constancy [definition]
Experience based on ability to recognize an object and certain of its characteristics---form, shape, color brightness-- as invariant despite the shifting retinal images it produces
Convergence [definition]
The result of conjugated eye movements whereby the fixation point for each eye is identical; feedback from these movements provides information about the distance of visual objects from the viewer
Liner Perspective [definition]
A monocular cue for depth perception, the arrangement of lines drawn in two dimensions such that parallel lines receding from the viewer are seen to converge at a point on the horizon
Interposition [definition]
A monocular cue for depth perception, an object partially blocks another object is perceived as closer
Binocular Cue [definition]
A cue for the perception of depth that requires the use of both eyes
Top Down Processing [definition]
Perception based on information provided by the context in which a particular stimulus is encountered
Bottom-Up Processing [definition]
Perception based on successive analyses of details of the stimuli that are presented
What are the six Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organization?
1. law of proximity: elements close together will be perceived together
2. law of symmetry: perception of symmetrical elements
3. law of similarity: states elements have a similar appearance as part of the same object
4. law of continuity: perception of the simpler line on a smooth course
5. law of closure: visual system will close the outline of an incomplete figure
5. law of common fate: elements that move in the same direction will be perceived as belonging together and forming a figure
Figure v. Ground
Figure is a visual stimulus that is perceived as an object and ground is the visual stimulus that is perceived as the background
Agnosia
Agnosia is failure to know or the inability to percieve or identify a stimulus that exists within a specific sensory modality. Types: prosopagnosia [unable to recognize faces]
Ventral Stream [function]
Ventral stream recognizes where an object is and whether it is moving
Dorsal Stream [function]
Dorsal stream recognizes what an object is, that is, what form it has and what color
Monocular Cue [definition]
A cute for the perception of depth that requires the use of one eye only
Signal detection theory [definition]
A mathematical theory of detection of stimuli
JND [definition]
JND is just noticeable difference which is the smallest difference in a stimulus that a person can detect
Vestibular Sac [function]
Detects change in the tilt of the head
Semicircular Canal [function]
Responds to rotational movement of the head
Vestibular Apparatus [function]
Contributes to balance and head movement
Two Point Discrimination Threshold [definition]
The minimum distance between two small points that can be detected as separate stimuli when pressed against a particular region of skin
What is the difference between touch and pressure?
Touch is very light contact of an object with the skin while pressure is produced by more forceful contact
What are the five qualities of taste?
Bitter, sour, sweet, salty, and umami
Olfaction [definition]
Sense of smell
Gustation [definition]
Sense of taste
What are the aspects of sound the auditory system codes for?
Pitch, loudness, timbre by detecting differences in physical aspects of sound: amplitude, frequency and complexity
Smooth Pursuit [definition]
Tracking a moving object using very rapid saccades
Saccades [definition]
Abrupt shifts in gaze from one point to another
Cones [definition]
A photoreceptor that is responsible for acute day time vision and for color perception
Rods [definition]
A photoreceptor that is very sensitive to light but cannot detect changes in hues
Transduction [definition]
Transduction is the process by which the sensory organs convert energy from environmental event into neural activity
Perception [definition]
Perception is the recognition of objects [both animate and inanimate], their locations, their movements and backgrounds
Sensation [definition]
Detection of simple properties of stimuli, such as brightness, color, warmth, and texture
Extinction [definition]
Decrease in a learned behavior when the behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer
What are the schedules of reinforcement?
Variable interval, fixed interval, variable ratio, fixed ratio
Punishment [definition]
Something delivered that occurs after a behavior to decrease the change behavior will occur again
Reward [definition]
A form of positive reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement [definition]
Something taken away that occurs after the behavior to increase the chance behavior will occur again
Positive Reinforcement [definition]
Something delivered that occurs after the behavior to increase the chance behavior will occur again
Classical Conditioning Procedure [What are US, CS, UR, CR?]
Unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned response
Thorndike's Procedure
Thorndike's procedure demonstrates operant conditioning. Leads to learning through consequences of a behavior, rewards or punishment.
Pavlov's Procedure
Pavlov's procedure with the dogs and salivation is an example of classical conditioning. Leads to animals learning an association between 2 stimuli.
Amygdala [definition]
Located in the middle of temporal lobe and affects emotional behavior
Hippocampus [definition]
Involved in spatial orientation and episodic memory or ability to learn and remember experience from daily lives
The neocortex consists of what three cortex?
Visual, auditory and somatosensory cortex
Neural Plasticity [definition]
Environmental events that can change the structure and functions of the nervous system
What are the five Human Brain Visualization Methods?
CT scans, MRI scans, EEG, PET scans and fMRI scans
What is an action potential? What is the purpose of an action potential?
Action Potential is a brief electrochemical event that is carried by an axon from the soma of the neuron to the terminal buttons. All or nothing even that causes the release of neurotransmitters. Action potentials are process by which neurons communicate with one another.
What are the parts of a neuron?
Dentrite, soma, axon, axon terminals, terminal buttons, synapse, myelin sheath
Glial Cell [definition]
non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin and provide support or protection for the brain's neurons
Neuron [definition]
Brain cells that transit information
Peripheral Nervous System [definition]
Consists of cranial and spinal nerves
Central Nervous System [definition]
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, and retina
What types of twins are there?
Monozygotic and dizygotic twins
Concordance Research [definition]
Studies similarity of traits between Identical [monozygotic] twins; concordant means a trait if both twins express it
Up or Down Regulated Genes
dfs
Knockout/Knock in Mutations [definition]
s
Heritability
Variation in a trait due to genetic factors
Phenotype [definition]
Outward expression of genes
Genotype [definition]
Genetic makeup
Allele [definition]
Alternative form of same gene for a trait; recessive allele-trait is shown when one is present, dominant allele-trait is shown when both are present
Chromosomes [definition]
Paired strands of DNA found in the nucleus of every cell [23 pairs]
Genome [definition]
Total set of genetic material within an organism
Gene [definition]
Portion of DNA that contains coding sequences that determines what a gene does and non-coding sequences that determine when the gene is active
What are the 4 nucleotide bases of DNA?
Cytosine, Thymine, Guanine and Adenine
DNA
A double stranded blue print for biology; discovered by Watson and Crick
Retention [definition]
Favored variations are retained through heredity
Selection [definition]
Provides direction for evolution, certain features are selected for or against depending on environment
Variation [definition]
Members of a species differ from one another
Natural Selection [definition]
Process by which the environment favors organisms more adaptable to survive the conditions. 3 conditions: variation, selection and retention
Who is Charles Darwin?
Charles Darwin explored on the SS Beagal collecting specimens which he later studied their relations and differences. Began research on evolution and natural selection
What types of inferential statistics are there?
Mathematical and logical procedures for determining relations between samples are signficant
What types of descriptive statistics are there?
Descriptive statistics are the mathematical procedures of collected data such as mean, median, mode
Expectancy affects [definition]
Belief certain results will be yielded from certain acts and can skew the validity of an experiment
Validity [definition]
The degree to which researchers find measurements valid
Reliability [definition]
Reliability is the likelihood that a measurement made twice will yield the same value
Counterbalencing [definition]
Systematic variation of conditions in an experiment
Confounding Variable [definition]
Inadvertent simultaneous manipulation of more than one variable. Results become confounded because no valid conclusions can be made
Operational Definition
Definition of a variable in terms of the operation
Control Group [definition]
The group that the experimental group is compared to
Experimental Group [definition]
The group exposed to the higher value of the independent variable
Dependent Variable [definition]
The variable that is measured and hypothesized to be affected by the independent variable
Independent Variable [definition]
The variable within an experiment that has been manipulated
What are the five steps to creating an experiment?
1. Identify the problem through observation and general description.
2. Design an experiment
3. Perform the experiment
4. Examine the data
5. Communicate the results
Experiment [definition]
A study in which the researcher changes the value of an independent variable and observes the affect of the manipulation. Potentially confirms cause and effect relations amongst the variables
Correlation Study [definition]
The examination of relations between two or more measurements of behaviors or characteristics. Correlation does not infer causation!
Naturalistic Observation [definition]
Observation of people or animals within their natural environment
Scientific Method [definition]
Set of procedural rules scientist should follow while conducting research, to create a true objective analysis
Paul Broca
Broca discovered the Broca's Area in the brain which is associated with speech production
Pierre Flourens
Flourens worked with experimental ablation
Johannes Muller
Muller is associated with the doctrine of specific nerve energies
Dualism
Rene Descartes; philosophical view that knowledge is of mind and matter
Functionalism [definition]
Understanding through the functions of parts
Structuralism [definition]
Wilhem Wundt; emphasized introspective analysis of sensation and perception
Materialism [definition]
Philosophical belief the world can only be understood through the physical world
Empiricism [definition]
Philosophical view that all knowledge is attained through experience and observation
Rationalism [definition]
Philosophical view that all knowledge is attained through truth and reason
Who was Rene Descartes?
Rene Descartes is attributed to be linked with the philosophical roots of psychology. Descartes studied dualism, hydraulic model, and reflexes.
Why is behavior studied?
Behavior is study to understand why people do the things they do.
Psychology [definition]
The science of behavior
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