Study Mid Term (PTA 102) Flash Cards

 
Pile Management Card
Mid Term (PTA 102)

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The term used to describe the increase in size of muscle fibers that occurs when they are strengthened is?
HYPERPLASIA
Isotonic exercises offer what kind of resistance?
VARIABLE
When does DOMS tend to peak?
24-72 HOURS AFTER EXERCISE
True/False

Placing a cold pack over a superficial nerve is considered a contraindication?
FALSE

CONSIDERED A PRECAUTIONS
What is the optimal tissue temperature that should be maintained to avoid soft tissue damage when using cryotherapy?
15 DEGREES C
True/False

Heat helps reduce pain?
TRUE
What is the desired temperature of paraffin when used therapeutically?
129-134 DEGREES F
After 20 minutes of cooling, nerve conduction may take how long?
30 MINUTES OR LONGER
For those with normal circulation, the nerve conduction velocity will reverse after?
15 MINUTES
Cold induced vasodilation occurs when tissue temperature reaches?
LESS THAN 10 DEGREES (50 DEGREES F)
Opioids administered spinally exert their effect by?
STIMULATING OPIATE RECEPTORS IN THE DORSAL HORN OF THE SPINAL CORD
Provide analgesia by mimicking the effects of endorphins and binding to opioid specific receptor sites in the CNS?
OPIOIDS
This drug is useful for patients who cannon tolerate NSAIDs because of gastric irritation?
ACETAMINOPHEN (TYLENOL)
Is an effective analgesic for mild to moderately severe pain, but has no antiinflammatory activity?
ACETAMINOPHEN (TYLENOL)
True/False

NSAIDS cause increased platelet production?
FALSE

NSAIDS CAUSE DECREASED PLATELET PRODUCTION THUS INCREASING BLEEDING
What is the primary long term side effect of using NSAIDS?
GASTROINTESTINAL IRRITATION AND BLEEDING
True/False

Lower doses of NSAIDS are required to reduce pain than to reduce inflammtion?
TRUE
These drugs have an analgesic and antiinflammatory response?
NSAIDS
When is substance P released?
IN RESPONSE TO TISSUE INJURY AND STRESS
Where is substance P found?
CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NS
Is a neurotransmitter thought to be involved in the transmission of neuropathic and inflammatory pain?
SUBSTANCE P
Pain transmitted by A delta fibers is generally?
SHARP
Pain transmitted by C fiber is usually?
-DULL
-LONG LASTING
-ACHING
This pain has an aching quality but tends to refer superficially rather than deeply?
VISCERAL PAIN
This pain is easily to localize?
CUTANEOUS NOXIOUS STIMULATION
This pain is harder to localize?
MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN
Pain from musculoskeletal structures is usually?
-DULL
-HEAVY
-ACHING
Pain from cutaneous noxious stimulation is usually perceived as?
-SHARP
-PRICKLING
-TINGLING
The intensity of pain is related to what?
THE FIRING RATE OF THE NERVES
C fibers
UNMYELINATED
A delta fibers
MYELINATED
Specific nerve endings called _________ respond to all painful stimuli.
NOCICEPTORS
Summation of impulses along the pathways from the skin to the brain determines the individuals sensation of pain is an example of what theory of pain?
PATTERN THEORY
The sensation of pain results from An increase in the frequency or intensity of stimulation of receptors that also respond to nonnoxious stimuli such as touch, pressure, or temperature?
PATTERN THEORIES
The sensation of pain depends on the stimulation of nerve endings that are specialized for each type of sensation?
SPECIFICITY THEORY
Specificity theory?
THE SENSATION OF PAIN DEPENDS ON THE STIMULATION OF NERVE ENDINGS THAT ARE SPECIALIZED FOR EACH TYPE OF SENSATION
Static exercises
NO MOTION (ISOMETRIC)
Dynamic exercises?
WITH MOTION
PRE?
PROGRESSIVE RESISTANCE TRAINING
How can resistance be applied?
MANUALLY/MECHANICALLY
Patients with pathological conditions should wait how long between sets?
3 MINUTES
How long of a rest period is recommended for a high intensity exercise?
4-5 MINUTES
How long of a rest period is recommended for a moderate-intensity exercise?
2-3 MINUTES
A predetermined number of repetitions grouped together is known as what?
SET/BOUT
The lower the intensity?
THE HIGHER THE REPETITIONS
The higher the intensity?
THE LOWER THE REPETITIONS
Intensity is known as?
LOAD
True/False

After an appropriate warm-up, higher intensity exercises should be performed before lower intensity exercises?
TRUE
Mulitjoint muscles should be exercise before single-joint muscles?
TRUE
True/False

Large muscle groups should be exercised before small muscle groups?
TRUE
Exercise duration?
IS THE TOTAL NUMBER OF WEEKS OR MONTHS DURING WHICH A RESISTANCE EXERCISE PROGRAM IS CARRIED OUT.
Refers to the number oe exercise sessions per day or per week?
FREQUENCY
What changes occur in muscle during recovery?
-OXYGEN STORES ARE REPLENISHED
-ENERGY STORES ARE REPLENISHED
-LACTIC ACID IS REMOVED FROM SKELETAL MUSCLES AND BLOOD WITHIN APPROXIMATELY 1 HOUR AFTER EXERCISE
-GLYCOGEN IS REPLACED OVER SEVERAL DAYS
When does the greatest proportion of exercise recovery usually occur in?
FIRST MINUTE
How long does it take for 90-95% of the pre-exercise capacity to return?
3-4 MINUTES
Cardiopulmonary fatigue associated with endurance training is probably caused by?
-DECREASE IN BLOOD SUGAR (GLUCOSE)
-DECREASE IN GLYCOGEN STORES IN MUSCLE AND LIVER
-DEPLETION OF POTASSIUM
Muslce fatigue is caused by?
-DECREASES IN ENERGY STORES/INSUFFICIENT OXYGEN, AND BUILD-UP OF H+

-INHIBITORY (PROTECTIVE) INFLUENCES FROM THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

-DECREASE IN CONDUCTION OF IMPULSES AT THE MYONEURAL JUNCTION IN FAST TWITCH FIBERS
The diminished response of a muscle to a repeated stimulus?
MUSCLE (LOCAL) FATIGUE
Helps therapists determine the exercise prescription and which parameters of exercise should be selected to create specific training effects tht best meet specific functional needs and goals?
SAID PRINCIPLE
Relates to the ability of the neuromuscular system to produce, reduce, or control forces, contemplated or composed during functional activities in a smooth coordinated manner.
FUNCTIONAL STRENGTH
What is muscle strength?
THE ABILITY OF CONTRACTILE TISSUE TO PRODUCE TENSION AND A RESULTANT FORCE BASE ON TEH DEMANDS PLACES ON THE MUSCLE
Any form of active exercise in which dynamic or static muscle contraction is resisted by an outside force applied manually or mechanically?
RESISTANCE EXERCISE
Resistance exercise is also referred to as?
RESISTANCE TRAINING
Influences the amount of tension present in soft tissue and consequently affects the ROM available in joints?
ALIGNMENT
What are the four categories of stretchin?
-STATIC STRETCHING
-CYCLIC STRETCHING
-BALLISTIC STRETCHING
-STRETCHING TECHNIQUES BASED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF PROPRIOCEPTIVE NEUROMUSCULAR FACILITATION
Form or manner in which the stretch force is applied (static, ballistic, cyclic); degree of patient participation (passive, assisted, active); or the source of the stretch force (manual, mechanical, self)
MODE OF STRETCH
Frequency of stretch?
NUMBER OF STRETCHING SESSIONS PER DAY OR PER WEEK
Speed of initial application of the stretch force?
SPEED OF STRETCH
Duration of stretch?
LENGTH OF TIME THE STRETCH FORCE IS APPLIED DURING A STRETCH CYCLE
Magnitude of the stretch force applied?
INTENSITY OF THE STRETCH
Fixation of one site of attachment of the muscle as the stretch force is applied to the other body attachment?
STABILIZATION
Positioning a limb or the body such tht the stretch force is directed to the appropriate muscle group?
ALIGNMENT
True/False

Ballistic stretching and static stretching have both been shown to imporve flexibility equally?
TRUE
A rapid forceful intermittent stretch that is a high speed and high intensity stretch is commonly called?
BALLISTIC STRETCHING
True/False

Ballistic stretching is characterized by low velocity movements?
FALSE

HIGH VELOCITY MOVEMENTS
True/False

Cyclic stretching is not synonymous with ballistic stretching?
TRUE
Describe a Cyclic (intermittent) stretch?
A SHORT DURATION STRETCH FORCE THAT IS REPEATEDLY BUY GRADUALLY APPLIED, RELEASED, AND THEN REAPPLIED.
Monitors tension created by a stretch?
GTO
Research has shown that tension created in muscle during static stretching is approximately ___________ that created during ballistic stretching?
HALF
What is the duration of static stretch determined by?
TOLLERANCE OF THE PATIENT
What other terms can be used with static stretching?
-SUSTAINED
-MAINTAINED
-PROLONGED
What is static stretching?
SOFT TISSUES ARE ELONGATED JUST PAST TH EPOINT OF RESISTANCE.
Changes in collagen affecting stress strain response (effects of corticosteroids)?
THERE IS FIBROCYTE DEATH NEXT TO THE INJECTION SITE WITH DELAY IN REAPPEARANCE UP TO 15 WEEKS
Changes is collagen affecting stress strain response (effects of age)?
-THERE IS AN INCREASED TENDENCY FOR OVERUSE SYNDROMES, FATIGUE FAILURES, AND TEARS WITH STRETCHING
How long does recovery take or regular cyclic loading?
5 MONTHS
How does inactivity change collagen affecting stress strain response?
-DECREASE IN THE AMOUNT OF COLLAGEN FOBERS RESULTING IN WEAKENING TISSUES

-AN INCREASE IN THE PREDOMINANCE OF ELASTIN FIBERS RESULTING IN INCREASED COMPLIANCE
What are the effects of immobilization?
-THERE IS WEAKENING OF TISSUE BECAUSE OF COLLAGEN TURNOVER AND WEAK BONDING BETWEEN THE NEW, NON STRESSED FIBERS

-ADHESION FORMATION BECAUSE OF GREATER CROSS-LINKING BETWEEN DISORGANIZED COLLAGEN FIBERS
An agonist contraction (AC) is most effective if a patient has close to normal flexibility?
FALSE

LEAST EFFECTIVE IF A PATIENT HAS CLOSE TO NORMAL FLEXIBILITY
How is an agonist contraction performed?
-AN AGONIST CONTRACTION IS PERFORMED INDEPENDENTLY BY THE PATIENT BY CONCENTRICALLY CONTRACTING THE MUSCLE AND HOLDING FOR SEVERAL SECONDS
Describe an antagonist muscle?
THE RANGE LIMITING MUSCLE
Describe the role of an agonist muscle?
THE MUSCLE OPPOSITE THE RANGE LIMITING MUSCLE
What does PNF stand for?
PROPRIOCEPTIVE NEUROMUSCULAR FACILITATION STRETCHING
Describe a hold relax procedure?
-THE MUSCLE IS TAKEN TO IT'S LIMITING RANGE

-THE Pt THEN PERFORMS A PRESTRETCH, END RANGE, ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION FOR 5-10 SECONDS

-THE LIMB IS THEN PASSIVELY MOVED TO IT'S NEW RANGE
Any stretching exercise that is carried out independently by a patient after instruction and supervision by a therapist is referred to as?
SELF STRETCHING
What are the contraindications to stretching?
-A BODY BLOCK
-RECENT FX
-ACUTE INFLAMMATION
-SHARP, ACUTE PAIN
-HEMATOMA
-HYPERMOBILITY
What are the indications for stretching?
-STRUCTURAL DEFORMITIES
-MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND SHORTENING
-MINIMIZE PST EXERCISE MUSCLE SORENESS
Why is ROM limited?
BECAUSE SOFT TISSUES HAVE LOST THEIR EXTENSIBILITY AS THE RESULT OF ADHESIONS, CONTRACTURES, AND SCAR TISSUE FORMATION.
Refers to decreased mobility or restricted motion?
HYPOMOBILITY
Is the ability to move a single joint or series of joints smoothly and easily through an unrestricted pain free ROM?
FLEXIBILITY
Flexibility?
Is the ability to move a single joint or series of joint smoothly and easily through an unrestricted pain-free ROM
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