Study BIO vocab- cells and energy Flash Cards

 
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BIO vocab- cells and energy

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Electron Transport Chain
a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Kreb's cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP
Kreb's Cycle
second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions
Pyruvic Acid
a colorless acid formed as an important intermediate in metabolism or fermentation
(wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn)
Lactic Acid Fermentation
pyruvic acid that accumulates as a result of glycolysis converts to lactic acid, regenerates NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue
(muscles)
pyruvic acid + NADH - lactic acid + NAD+
Alcoholic Fermentation
used by yeast and a few other microorganisms, forms ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as wastes

pyruvic acid + NADH - alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
Aerobic
process that requires oxygen
Anaerobic
process that does not require oxygen
Fermentation
process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen
NADH
(formed when NAD+ accepts a pair of high-energy electrons) holds electrons until they can be transferred into other molecules...(helps pass energy from glucose to other pathways in the cell)
NAD+
(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) electron carrier involved in glycolysis
Glycolysis
first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose in broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid
Calorie
term used by scientists ti measure the energy stored in foods
Cellular Respiration
process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence oxygen; made up of glycolysis, the Kreb's cycle, and the electron transport chain
Calvin Cycle
reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars
ATP Synthase
large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP
LIght Dependent Reactions
reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH
NADPH
carries high-energy electrons produced by light absorption in chlorophyll to chemical reactions elsewhere in the cell (these high-energy electrons are used to help build a variety of molecules the cell needs, including carbohydrates like glucose)... (made of NADP+, 2 high-energy electrons, and an H+ ion)
NADP+
(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) one of the carrier molecules that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules
Stroma
region outside the thylakoid membrane is chloroplasts
Thylakoids
saclike body in chloroplasts made of photosynthetic membranes that contain photosystems
Chlorophyll
principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms; captures light energy
Pigments
light-absorbing colored molecules
Photosynthesis
process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to power chemical reactions that convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
ADP
(adenosine diphosphate) similar to ATP but has 2 phosphate groups instead of 3 -partially charged battery (add another phosphate to make ATP and therefore become fully charged)
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store energy -fully charged battery
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