Study Anatomy Flash Cards

 
Pile Management Card
Anatomy

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Where does blood carry an antidieuretic hormone?
-KIDNEYS
-SWEAH GLANDS
-SMOOTH MUSCLE
Antidieuretic?
RETAINS H2O, TYPICALLY GIVE TO PEOPLE WITH HBP.
Involved with labor, stimulation of milk ejection?
OXYTOCIN
Increases skin pigmentation in amphibians by stimulation?
MELANOSTIMULATING
Controls the secretion and production of cortisol and other glucocritcoids by the cortex of the adrenal glands?
ACTH
Act on the same cell that produces them?
AUTOCRINES
Hormones that act on neighboring cells?
PARACRONES
Considered the master gland, but is under control of the hypothalamus?
PITITUARY GLAND
Pitituary gland?
CONSIDERED THE MASTER GLAND, BUT IS UNDER CONTROL OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS
A certain type of molecule that is released by one part of the body to have an effect on another?
HORMONE
Target cell?
A CERTAIN KIND OF CELL THAT IF AFFECTED BY A CERTAIN KIND OF HORMONE
Secrete their products into intestinal fluid surrounding the secretory cells rather than into ducts?
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Secrete into ducts. The ducts carry a certain hormone that is produced into certain body cavities?
EXOCRINE GLANDS
The sides and front of the tongue combined/taste?
SALTY
Front of the tongue/taste?
SWEET
Sides of the tongue/taste?
SOUR
Back of the tongue/taste?
BITTER
Vestubular branch primarily has to do with?
BALANCE
3 projections off of the vestibule?
SEMICIRCULAR CANALS/DUCTS
The oval central portion of the bony labyrinth?
VESTIBULE
Stapes?
SITS WITH IN THE OVAL WINDOW
Incus?
LOOKS LIKE AN ADVIL AND CONNECTS THE MALLEUS TO THE STAPES
Ossicles?
BONES IN THE EAR
Considered as the hammer and attaches to the ear drum?
MALLUES
Normally closed/opens during swallowing and yawning?
EUSTUCIAN TUBE
Eustucian tube?
CONNECTS THE NASAL PHARYNX
A think membrane of connective tissue and epithelial tissue?
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE (EAR DRUM)
The tympanic membrane is also known as?
THE EAR DRUM
Leads from the outside to the inside. Goes through the tympanic membrane?
EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL (MEATUS)
Auricle (pinna)
CONTAINS ELASTIC CARTILAGE
Vitreous chamber?
HELPS MAINTAIN THE SHAPE OF THE EYEBALL
Anterior cavity?
CONTAINS AQUEOUS HUMOR AND HELPS MAINTAIN THE SHAPE OF THE EYE BALL.
Refracts the light to focus on the retina?
LENS
Receives light and converts into receptor potentials and nerve impulses?
RETINA
Inner layer of the eye?
RETINA
Also considered the blind spot?
OPTIC DISC
Where the optic nerve exits the back of teh eyeball?
OPTIC DISC
Smoother muscle that change the shape of the lens?
CILLIARY MUSCLE
Cilliary process?
FOLDS THAT PRODUCE AQUEOUS HUMOR
Choriod?
PROVIDES BLOOD SUPPLY
Between the cornea and the lens?
IRIS
Function of the iris?
REGULATES THE AMOUNG OF LIGHT THAT ENTERS THE EYE BALL
Center of the iris?
PUPIL
The middle layer of the eye consists of?
-IRIS
-CHOROID
-CILLIARY BODY
Vascular tonic?
MIDDLE LAYER
Outer layer of the eye?
FIBROUS TONIC
Helps to provide shape and protection?
SCLERA
Dense connective tissue covering the rest of the eyeball?
SCLERA
Curved in shape and admits and refracts light?
CORNEA
Receives info from other areas of the brain about what muscles should be doing?
CEREBELLUM
Manages excessory involuntary muscle activity?

Ex: Arms swinging
BASAL GANGLIA
Carries impulses from the midbrain to muscles of teh body and proximal limbs decreasing muslce tone, increasing flexor reflexes, and inhibiting extensor reflexes?
LATERAL RETICULOSPINAL
Carries impulses from the midbrain to teh ipsilateral skeletal muscles that maintain balance in response to head movements?
VESIBULOSPINAL
Carry impulses from the midbrain to the contralateral skeletal muscles that move the head and eyes in response to visual stimuli?
TECTOSPINAL
Carry action potentials for automatic movement, coordination, balance, and muscle tone?
INDIRECT PATHWAYS
Upper motor neurons that end in the brain stem?
CORTICOSPINAL
Upper motor neuron that crosses over the SC as after traveling down the anterior white columns?
ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL
A pathway for controlling part of the trunk?
ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL
Extended from the brain stem or SC to skeletal muscles?
LOWER MOTOR NEURONS
Extends from the cerebral cortex to the brain stem or SC?
UPPER MOTOR NEURONS
Upper motor neuron that crosses over in the medulla and travels down the lateral white column of the SC?
LATERAL CORTOCOSPINAL
Direct pathways?
-LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL
-ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL
-CORTICO BULBAR
Controls voluntary movements?
MOTOR CORTEX
Carries nerves from the face, oral cavity, and teeth?
TRIGEMINOTHALAMIC PATHWAY
Anterolateral/spinal thalamic tract?
TRANSMITS PAIN, TEMP, TICKLE, ITCH, AND PRESSURE
Conduct impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex?
3RD ORDER NEURON
Conduct action potentials from the brain stem and SC to the thalamus on the opposite side of the body?
2ND ORDER NEURON
Conduct action potentials from somatic receptors to the brain stem or spinal cord?
1ST ORDER NEURON
Phantom pain?
PAIN AT THE SIGHT OF AN AMPUTATION
Referred pain?
PAIN OCCURING IN AN AREA OTHER THAN WHERE THE ORGAN IS?
Visceral pain?
STIMULATION OF NICICEPTORS FROM INTERNAL ORGANS
Any pain underneath te skin?
DEEP SOMATIC PAIN
Superficial somatic pain?
PAIN FROM RECEPTORS IN THE SKIN
Considered chronic pain?
SLOW PAIN
Occurs rapidly and is considered acute?
FAST PAIN
Are stimulated by intense, thermal, mechanical, or chemical stimuli?
NOCICEPTORS
Free nerve endings in every tissue of the body except the brain
NOCICEPTORS
Have selectivity meaning that specific sensory receptors are only stimulated by a specific stimuli?
RECEPTORS
Perception?
A CONSCIOUS AWARENESS AND INTERPRETATION OF A SENSATION
A conscious or subconscious awareness of a stimuli?
SENSATION
What is the acronym of a sympathetic response and what does it mean?
SLUDD

-Salivation
-Lacrimation
-Urination
-Digestion
-Deffication
One motor neuron from the CNS to the effector?
SNS
Has one motor neuron form the CNS to the autonomic ganglion and a 2nd ganglion from the autonomic motor neuron to the effector?
ANS
Interoreceptors are part of what NS?
AUTONOMIC NS
Regulates activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands?
AUTONOMIC NS
Often becomes affected with intoxication?
CEREBELLUM
Function of the cerebellum?
COORDINATION, POSTURE, AND BALANCE
Location of the cerebellum?
INFERIOR TO THE CEREBRUM AND POSTERIOR TO THE BRAIN STEM.
Inability to comprehend words?
ASPHIA
Voluntary scanning movements of the eye?
FRONTAL EYE FIELD AREA
Pre motor area?
CONTROLS LEARNED SKILLED MOVEMENTS

EX: WRITING
Common integrative area?
HELPS TO INTEGRATE AND INTERPRET MULTIPLE SENSATIONS
Helps interpret different auditory sensations?
AUDITORY ASSOCIATION AREAS
Helps to interpret visual sensations and information?
VISUAL ASSOCIATION AREA
Integrative and interpretive of touch sensation?
SOMATO SENSORY ASSOCIATION AREA
Function of wernickes area?
TRANSLATING WORDS INTO THOUGHTS
Visual?
VISION
Auditory?
HEARING
Gustatory?
TASTE
Olfactory?
SMELL
Name the somato sensory, sensory areas?
-VISUAL
-AUDITORY
-GUSTATORY
-OLFACTORY
Has somatosensory receptors for touch, movemnt, pain, temp?
SOMATO SENSORY AREA
Functions of the primary somatosensory area?
-VISUAL
-AUDITORY
Functions have to deal with emotions, pain, pleasure, memories?
LIMBIC SYSTEM
Functions of the basal ganglia?
CONNECTIONS TO THE CEREBRAL CORTEX, THALAMUS, AND HYPOTHALAMUS

-CONTROLS AUTOMATIC MOVEMENTS AND MUSCLE TONE.
Located within areas of the white matter of the brain?
BASAL GANGLIA
Transmit impulses from ascending to descending tracts to and from the spinal cord?
PORJECTION FIBERS
Transmit impulses from gyri from one hemisphere to the next?
COMMISSURAL FIBERS
Transmit impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere?
ASSOCIATION FIBERS
What are the lobes of the brain?
-FRONTAL
-TEMPORAL
-PARIETAL
-OCCIPITAL
Band of white matter that connects the right and left hemisphere?
CORPUS CALLOSUM
Seperates the right and left halves?
LONGITIDUNAL FISSURE
Right and left half of the cerebrum?
HEMISPHERE
Grooves between the gyri?
SULCI (SULCUS)
Folds with in the cotex?
GYRI (GYRUS)
Outer layer of the gray mater in the cerebrum?
CEREBRAL CORTEX
Location of the pineal gland?
SUPERIOR TO THE DIONCEPHALON AND BRAIN STEM.
Endocrine gland found with in the diencephalon that secretes melatonin?
PINEAL GLAND
Functions of the hypothalamus?
-CONTROLS PITITUARY GLAND
-REGULATES EMOTION
-CONTAINS FEEDING THIRST CENTERS
-REGULATES BODY TEMP
-REGULATES SLEEP CYCLE
Controls the pituitary gland?
HYPOTHALAMUS
Small area, inferior to the thalamus?
HYPOTHALAMUS
Function of the thalamus?
RELAYS SIGNALS TO OTHER PARTS OF THE BRAIN RELATED TO AWARENESS AND AQUISATION OF KNOWLEDGE.
Location of the thalamus?
BETWEEN THE BRAIN STEM AND CEREBRUM
Most of the dion cephalon?
THALAMUS
Parts of the dion cephalon?
-THALAMUS
-HYPOTHALAMUS
-PINEAL GLAND
Found throughout the brain stem and also in the dion cephalon?

Small clusters of nervous tissue?

Function is awakening and maintaining consciousness, maintains muscle tone and posture?
RETICULAR FORMATION
Connections between parts of brain, reflexive movements of eyes, head, and neck in response to certain stimuli?
MID BRAIN
Superior to the pons and inferior to the dion cehpalon?
MID BRAIN
Connect the right and left cerebellum. Has sensory and motor tracks of the spinal cord?
PONS
What cranial nerves originate at the pons?
5-8
Located superior to the medulla and anterior to the cerebellum?
PONS
What cranial nerves originate from the medulla?
8-12
Regulates HR & force diameter of blood vessels, breathing rate, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing?
MEDULLA OBLANGATA
These cells produce CSF?
EPENDYMAL CELLS
3 functions of CSF?
-CUSHIONING AND SHOCK ABSORBING
-REGULATE CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT
-TRAMPORTING AND EXCHANGE
A thin membrane that sepertes the left and right ventricles of the brain?
SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM
Clear colorless fluid that protects the brain and spinal cord from chemical and physical injury?
CSF
Where is CSF found?
FOUND IN THE SUBARACHNOID SPACE AND CENTRAL CANAL
Separates the cerebellum into two seperate halves?
FALX CEREBELLI
Separates the cerebrum and the cerebellum?
FALX CEREBRI
Of the following, which are continuous and which have 2 space?
-PIA MATER (CONTINUOUS)
ARACHNOID MATER (CONTINUOUS)
-DURA MATER (HAS 2 SPACES)
What are the 4 main parts of the brain?
-BRAIN STEM
-CEREBELLUM
-DIENCEPHALON
-CEREBRUM
Opperates as a feedback mechanism to control muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation before the muscle force becomes so great that the tendon might be torn?
TENDON REFLEX
Stretch reflex?
CAUSES CONTRACTION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
Effector?
Muscles/glands that respond to the motor neurons
Axons that conduct impulses from the integration center to the effector?
MOTOR NEURONS
One or more region with in the CNS that relay impulses from sensory to motor neurons?
INTEGRATION CENTER
Sends messages from sensory stimulus to the integration center?
SENSORY NEURON
Responds to a specific stimulus?
SENSORY RECEPTORS
Pathway that is followed by impulses through a reflex?
REFLEX ARC
Autonomic reflex?
INVOLVES RESPONSES OF SMOOTH MUSCLE OR CARDIAC MUSCLE OR GRANDULAR?
Involves contraction of skeletal muscles?
SOMATIC REFLEX
Integration occurs in the brain stem rather than the spinal cord?
CRANIAL REFLEX
Where the integration takes place in the spinal cord gray matter?
SPINAL REFLEX
Reflex?
A FAST AUTOMATIC UNPLANNED SEQUENCE OF ACTIONS THAT OCCUR IN RESPONSE TO A PARTICULAR STIMULUS
Indirect pathways?
Autonomic movements, coordination, muscle tone
Responsible for precise voluntary movement of skeletal muscle?
DIRECT PATHWAYS
Posterior columns of ascending sensory tracts?
CARRIES IMPULSES FOR SENSING MOVEMENT, PRECISE TOUCH, PRESSURE, AND VIBRATION
Spinothalamic tract?
CARRIES IMPULSES FOR PAIN, TEMP, PRESSURE, AND TOUCH
Area of the skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerves or trigeminal nerve?
DERMATOMES
S4-C1?
COCCYGEAL
L4-S4?
SACRAL PLEXUS
L1-L4?
LUMBAR PLEXUS
C5-T1?
BRACHIAL PLEXUS
Levels of C1-C5?
CERVICAL PLEXUS
True/False

T2-T12 enter to form a plexus?
FALSE

DO NOT ENTER TO ANY FORM OF A PLEXUS
True/False

All spinal cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx all have plexus' except for the thoracic?
TRUE
Formed by the joining of numberous axons from the anterior rami of adjacent nerves?
PLEXUS
Plexus?
GROUP OF NERVES COMMING TOGETHER
Re-enters the vertebral cavity through the intervetebral foramen and supplies the vertebra, vertebral ligaments, blood vessels of the spinal cord, and meninges?
MININGEAL BRANCH
Serves the muslces and structures of the upper and lower limbs in the skin of the lateral and anterior surface of the trunk?
ANTERIOR RAMUS
Serves the deep muscles and posterior surface of the trunk?
DORSAL RAMUS
Thoracic and lumbar nerves exit?
BELOW THE VERTEBRAL LEVEL
Where do cervical spinal nerves exit?
ABOVE THE CERVICAL LEVEL
With in the grey commisure is the?
CENTRAL CANAL
Where is a spinal tap injected into?
SUBARACHNOID SPACE
Cauda equina
GROUP OF NERVES
Filum terminale?
EXTENSIONS OF THE PIA MATER THAT ANCHORS THE SPINAL CORD TO THE COCCYX
Nerve innervation for lower extremities?
LUMBAR ENLARGEMENT
Nerve innervation for upper extremity?
CERVICAL ENLARGEMENT
Where does the spinal cord begin and end?
-BEGINS AT THE MEDULLA OBLANGATA OF THE BRAIN

-ENDS AT L2 (CONUS MEDULARIS)
Extensions of the pia mater that help anchor the spinal cord?
DENTICULATE LIGAMENTS
Inflammation of the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater is what?
MENINGITIS

(INFLAMMATION OF THE MENINGES)
Where is CSF located?
SUBARACHNOID SPACE OF SC
Where is interstitial fluid located?
THE SUBDURAL SPACE OF SC
Located between the dura mater and arachnoid?
SUBDURAL SPACE OF SC
Located between the arachnoid and the pia mater?
SUBARACHNOID LAYER OF SC
Pia Mater?
INNER LAYER OF SC
Arachnoid Mater?
MIDDLE LAYER OF SC
Dura Mater?
OUTER LAYER OF SC
Meniges?
CONNECTIVE TISSUE COVERING OF THE SPINAL CORD
Column created by stacking the vertebra on top of each other?
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Propogation of action potential?
DEPOLARIZATION OF ONE PART OF THE MEMBRANE WHICH CAUSE ADJACENT AREAS TO REACH A THRESHOLD
A delay of .4-4 milli seconds after an action potential when another action potential can't occur?
REFRACTORY PERIOD
When the membrane potential returns to the resting state?
REPOLARIZATION
Depolorization?
A STIMULUS THAT CAUSES THE MEMBRANE TO REACH IT'S THRESHOLD
Electrical signal sent through a neuron?
ACTION POTENTIAL
An equal buildup of ions just along the outside the surface of a membrane?
RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
A voltage difference caused by a small build up of ions along the inside of a nerve cell membrane?
RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
Open in response of a mechanical stimuli?

Ex: Pressure/touch
MECHANICAL STIMULI
Ligand gated?
OPEN IN RESPONSE TO THE BINDING OF A CHEMICAL STIMULI
Voltage gated?
OPENS IN A CHANGE IN A CELL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
The ion channels open and close in response to a stimuli?
GATED
These ion channels are always open?
LEAKED
Ion channels can be either?
LEAKED OF GATED
A chemical difference and an electrical difference?
ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT
Ion channels?
ALLOW SPECIFIC IONS TO MOVE/DIFFUSE ACROSS A CELL MEMBRANE
Much longer distance of travel?
ACTION POTENTIALS
Primarily for communicating of shorter distances?
GRADED POTENTIALS
Hernieated disk?
COMPLETE RUPTURE OF ANNULUS FIBROSUS.
How many spinal nerves are there?
31 PAIRS
How many bones make up the spine?
26
Found in the CNS tissue. Consists of cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated axons?
GRAY MATTER
Central nervous tissue consisting of myelinated nerve fibers?
WHITE MATTER
Axons send impulses?
AWAY
Increases speed of neuron impulse?
MYELINATION
What cells produce myelin sheath?
-SCHWANN CELLS
-OLIGODENDROCYTES
Microglia?
CELLS THAT PERFORM PHAGOCYTOSIS. DESTROYS ANYTHING THREATENING THE CNS
Satellite cells?
SUPPORT CELLS
Schwann cells?
PRODUCE MYELIN SHEATH
Ependymal cells?
PROVIDE AND SECRETE CSF
Oligodendrocytes?
PROVIDE SUPPORT MYELIN SHEATHS FOR NEURONS
Astrocytes?
PROVIDE NUTRIENTS AND PROPER CHEMICALS FOR THE NEURONS
Support cells?
NEUROGLIA
Neuroglia?
SUPPORT CELLS
Analyze, interpret and stor information. (Primarily sensory information) helps to generate a response?
INTERNEURONS
Motor neurons/carry info from CNS?
EFFERENT
Sensory neuron/detects stimuli?
AFFERENT
Modified bipolar, but has axon branches in two directions?
UNIPOLAR
One main dendrite, one axon?
BIPOLAR NEURON
Several dendrites, one axon?
MULTIPOLAR NEURON
What are the functional classifications of a neuron?
1) AFFERENT
2) EFFERENT
3) INTERNEURONS
What are the structural classifications of a neuron?
1) MULTIPOLAR NEURON
2) BIPOLAR NEURON
3) UNIPOLAR NEURON
True/False

Most dendrite have myelin?
FALSE

MOST DENDRITES DO NOT HAVE MYELIN
Smallest unit of life?
CELL
CELL BODY
Contains a nucleus and all organells to support function with in a cell?
Contains a nucleus and all organells to support function with in a cell?
CELL BODY
AXON?
Long thin mylenated branches that tend to send signals of what's happening?
Long thin mylenated branches that tend to send signals of what's happening?
AXON
DENDRITE?
Short highly branched component of a neuron that receives signals. Gives the cell body info of what's happening?
Short highly branched component of a neuron that receives signals. Gives the cell body info of what's happening?
DENDRITE
What are the main parts of a neuron?
-DENDRITE
-AXON
-CELL BODY
For resting and restoration of energy. Rest and digest?
PARASYMPATHETIC NS
Describe the sympathetic NS?
Favors body functions that support activity and rapid production of ATP
Favors body functions that support activity and rapid production of ATP?
SYMPATHETIC NS
What does the autonomic NS consists of?
-SYMPATHETIC NS
-PARASYMPATHETIC NS
What is an example of a visceral somatic response?
HEART ATTACK CAUSING LEFT ARM PAIN
Enteric NS?
INVOLUNTARY

(PRIMARILY THE AUTONOMIC NS OF THE GI TRACT)
Autonomic NS?
INVOLUNTARY
Somatic NS?
VOLUNTARY
The central nervous system contains what?
THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
Consists of the brain and spinal cord?
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
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