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Pile Management Card
Chemistry

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When your cells need to build a protein, a copy of the instructions is copied from DNA to a short strand of
mRNA (messenger RNA)
nucleotide sequence that serves as the instructions to build one protein is called
gene
A _____ is a phosphate and sugar molecule connected to a base such as adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, or uracil
nucleotide
DNA and RNA are polymers that are built from monomers called
nucleotides
transmit the instructions to build proteins
DNA and RNA
Proteins that have the correct shape to make chemical reactions happen are called
enzymes
Two or more proteins are associated with one another is ______ structure. The protein hemoglobin is a good example of this structure because it is made from four separate protein chains.
quaternary
If secondary structure is like a sheet of paper or a slinky, then ______structure is folding that sheet of paper or tying the slinky into a more complex shape. The ______structure of a protein is stabilized by interactions between different R groups.
tertiary
The linear chain of amino acids can be woven into more complex shapes. Hydrogen bonds can from between the carboxyl groups and amino groups of different amino acids. These hydrogen bonds can twist and stabilize the amino acid chain so that it is woven together into a series of sheets, called a pleated sheet, or so that it is woven together into a series of spirals, called an alpha helix (sort of like a slinky). A single chain of amino acids can be woven into pleated sheets in one area, and alpha helixes in a different area. (structure)
secondary
The ______ structure of a protein is simply the linear order of the individual amino acids used to create the protein.
primary
covalent bond between amino acids is called
peptide bond
During _______, the OH (hydroxyl molecule) of the carboxyl group on one amino acid is removed, and a hydrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid is removed.
dehydration synthesis
arginine, cysteine, and aspartic acid have (non-polar/polar) R groups
polar
valine and tyrosine have (non-polar/polar) R-groups
non-polar
The ____ are what make each of the twenty amino acids distinct from one another
r groups
All twenty ______ share the same chemical backbone (shown at the right) of a central ____ bonded to a ____ group on one end and an _____ group on the other end.
amino acids, carbon, carboxyl, amino
polymers built from amino acids
proteins
Phospholipid molecules will also form membranes, called a _______, with the hydrophobic tails hidden away from water molecules, and the hydrophilic heads oriented outward and interacting with water molecules.
phospholipid bilayer
the spheres formed by phospholipids in water
micelles
the tail of the phospholipid is the _____, and it is (polar/nonpolar), (hydrophobic/hydrophilic)
fatty acid chains, nonpolar, hydrophopbic
the head of the phospholipid is the ______, and it is (polar/nonpolar), (hydrophobic/hydrophilic)
phophate nitrogen group, polar, hydrophilic
the phosphate nitgrogen group in phospholipids is (polar/non-polar)
polar
Instead of a third fatty acid, phospholipids have a
phosphate and nitrogen group
begin with a glycerol molecule backbone with two (instead of three) fatty acids attached.
phospholipid
fats and oils are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic)
hydrophobic
glycerol and fatty acids are (polar/non-polar) molecules
non-polar
molecules made by attaching three fatty acid chains to a glycerol molecule
fat and oils
lipid polymers are made by attaching long chains of _________(long chains of carbon atoms covalently bonded together) to a ______ molecule (a short chain of 3 carbon atoms covalently bonded together).
fatty acid molecules, glycerol
The two types of lipid molecules used by your body
fats and phospholipids
The primary function of carbohydrates in your body is
to provide your cells with fuel
Humans and other animals can bond glucose molecules in a different pattern to form the polymer ____, produced in the liver
glycogen
Plants use glucose molecules to build the polymer
starch
polymers built from simple sugars like glucose
carbohydrates
four biologically important polymers
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
glucose, glycerol and fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides are examples of
monomers
the basic building blocks used to create even larger molecules called polymers
monomers
96% of the matter in living organisms is made of these four elements
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
Non-polar substances, like oils, do not dissolve in water because
they have no charge
water shell around an ion (which may be an atom or molecule) is called
hydration sphere
Any molecule that becomes an ion when mixed with water
electrolyte
bond with equally shared electrons
non-polar covalent
bond with unequally shared electrons
polar covalent (water molecule)
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