Study BIOL 472 Flash Cards

 
Pile Management Card
BIOL 472

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SLEEP
Stage 1: light
2: transitional
3/4: slow waves sleep, delta waves, arousal difficult

REM: like alpha waves of awake person, skeletal muscles inhibited, dreaming; move eyes and breathe
immune system sleep
interferons, interleukens
prefrontal cortex
-teenage lobatomy!
-cognition, reasoning, complex learning, personality
-makes us human!
broca's area
-motor for speech
frontal eye area
-voluntary eye mvts
premotor cortex
-sensory guidance of movement
-skilled, repetitive mvts
functional areas of cerebral cortex
-occupital lobe
-temporal lobe
-precentral gyrus
postcentral gyrus
-primary somatosensory cortex
-body sensation
-contralateral
primary motor cortex
-involved in planning actions and refining movements based upon sensory input (this requires the cerebellum)
-skilled, voluntary motor mvt
-contralateral
-in precentral gyrus
cerebral cortex
-integration center for sensory info and decision-making region
cranial nerves
primarily serve the motor and sensory systems of the head and neck region
-no SC involvement
midbrain
-mesencephelon
-controls eye mvt
medulla oblongata
-transition from SC to brain
-gray matter has nuclei that controls BP, breathing, swallowing, vomiting
arbor vitae
-brings sensory and motor information to and from the cerebellum
-cerebellum white matter
-branches like tree
cerebellum
-2nd largest structure in brain
-most nerve cells
-process sensroy info
-coordinate mvt
-somatic receptors in PNS input
-receives motor info from cerebrum
cerebral aquaduct
-contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), is within the mesencephalon (or midbrain) and connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon to the fourth ventricle, which is between the pons and cerebellum
cerebral puduncles
-everything in the mesencephelon
corpora quadrigemina
-reflex centers involving vision and hearing

Superior: eye/head mvt for sight
inferior: head/neck mvt for hearing
optic chaism
-optic nerves partially cross
-allows for parts of both eyes that attend to the right visual field to be processed in the left visual system in the brain, and vice versa
melatonin
-synchronizes the circadian clock to environmental cycles
pineal gland
-circadian rhythm
-secretes the hormone melatonin
hypothalamus
-beneath thalamus
-homeostasis center
-hunger, thirst, temp, hormone control
-influences ANS
-output first goes to thalamus then effector pathways
thalamus
-receives sensroy fibers from the optic tract, ears, SC, and motor info from teh cerebellum
-projects fibers to the cerebrum, where info is processed
-relay station
-almost all sensory info from lower parts of CNS pass through it
-modifies info-> integration center as well
sulcus
-groove, crevice, or furrow
gyrus
-ridge on the cerebral cortex. It is generally surrounded by one or more sulci
rhinencephelon
-rhinencephalon includes the olfactory bulb, the olfactory tract
-smell
referred pain
-pain perceived at a site adjacent to or at a distance from the site of an injury's origin
phrenic nerve
-C3-C5
-producing contractions of the diaphragm
-transection = fatal
brachial plexus
-C5-T1
-muscular innervation of the entire upper limb
-transection causes quadriplegia
coccygeal nerves
-spinal nerve that corresponds to the coccyx bone
sciatic nerve
-longest and widest single nerve in the body
lumbar plexus
-nervous plexus in the lumbar region of the body
cauda equina
-consists of nerve roots and rootlets from above
-extension of the pia mater of the spinal cord
filum terminale
-delicate filament, about 20 cm. in length, prolonged downward from the apex of the conus medullaris
conus medullaris
-terminal end of the spinal cord. It occurs near lumbar nerves 1 (L1) and 2 (L2). After the spinal cord terminates, the spinal nerves continue as dangling NERVE ROOTS (not nerves as nerves are part of the PNS) called the cauda equina.
cervical plexus
-Nerves formed from the cervical plexus innervate the back of the head, as well as some neck muscles
gray commissure
-thin strip of gray matter that surrounds the central canal of the spinal cord and, along with the anterior white commissure, connects the two halves of the cord
central canal
-cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs longitudinally through the length of the entire spinal cord.
Nissel Substance (RER)
-full of robosomes, make neurotransmitters
-the material consisting of granular endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes that occurs in nerve cell bodies and dendrites
nucleus
-= to gangion
-inside CNS
-Claudate nucleus (important part of the brain's learning and memory system by thalamus)
right brain
-left hand control
-art/music
-imagination
-spacial relationships
-mental images of sight, sound, touch, taste, smell
left brain
-right hand control
-language
-numberic and scientific skills
-reasoning
central sulcus
-postcentral gyrus: maps sensory info
-somatosenseory area: body sensations
-contralateral
-sensory humunculus (lips, fingers, biggest)
-gustatory area: interprets taste
-parietal lobe: somatosensory area; interprets sensory info
-frontal lobe: premotor cortex: memory bank for skilled, repetitive motion
-frontal eye field area: voluntary eye mvts
-Broc's area: motor for speech
-prefrontal cortex: cognition, reasoning
-insular cortex: visceral sensations
precentral gyrus
-primary motor area
-skilled, voluntary mvts
-contralateral (R controls L)
-motor homunculus (face, hands biggest)
temporal lobe
-primary auditory area
AUDITORY ASSOCIATION AREA (integration, auditory info memory area)
OCCUPITAL LOBE
primary visual area
visual association area (integration, visual memory info)
cranial nerves
-12 pairs
-nerves that communicate directly from brain to body and back
-no SC involvement
myeencephalon
-medulla oblongota: control of basal body functions (heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, etc.)
metencephalon
-cerebellum: coordinates muscles mvts; maintains = and posture; grey outer, white (arbor vitae) inner
-4th ventricle
mesensephalon
-corpora quadrigemina: 4 bumps in back of head
-superior colliculi: head and eye mvts for vision
-inferior colliculi: head and trunk mvts for hearing
-cerebral peduncles: supports
-cerebral aquaduct: channel b/w 3rd and 4th ventricle
diencephalon
-thalamus: integration of areas to cerebrum; receives info from SC
-hypothalamus: regulation of hormones (hunger, thirst, temp, hormones)
-3rd ventricle
-pineal gland: circadian rhythm; knows what season it is
-optic chiasm
telencephelon
-sight, smell, hearing, speech , taste, cognitive reasoning
-rhinencephelon: sense of smell; olfactory lobes, bulbs, tracts
-cerebral hemispheres
-gray matter outside, white inside
gyrus: increase surface areas, perikaryon #, thinking power
-sulcus
-corpus collosum: links R&L brains
-2 lateral ventricles
dura mater
-thick
-associated w/ veins that drain blood from brain through sinuses
-dense CT
-continuous w/ periosteum of skull
-arachoid
-loosely tied to pia
-subarachnoid space
-has blood vessels
-arachnoid granulations reabsorb CSF
pia matter
-adheres to surface of brain and SC
-arteries that supply blood to brain associate w/ this layer
-forms blood/brain barrier
-choroid plexus: secretes CSF
-550 mL produced/day
polio
-enterovirus of sewage
-destrays ventral horns of SC
-causes paralysis
shingles
-red skin blisters
-caused by herpes zoster vrus (chicken pox) latent in nerve tracts
-stress in old age suppresses immune system
dermatones
-map for body sensations
-each region dictated by specific region of spinal nerves
coccygeal nerve
-way downtown
sacral nerves
-sacral plexus: to upper, lower leg, foot
-sciatic nerve (across butt)
Lumbar nerves
-L1-L5
-conus medullaries: termination of cord at L2
-filum terminale: fibrous CT
-cauda equina begins
-lumbar plexus: to abdomen, upper leg
Thoracic nerve
-T1-T12
-brachial plexus (C5-T1): arm and shoulder muscles
cervical nerves
-Cervicla nerves (C1-C8)
-Cervical Plexus (C1-C5)
-supplies skin, facial muscles, neck, shoulders
-C3-C5 phrenic nerve to diaphragm
CTLS
charlize theron likes sex
descending tracts
-more ventral
-take efferent motor info down
ascending tracts
-more dorsal
-take sensory info up to brain
ventral horns
-contains cell bodies of efferent signals to muscles/glands
-organized into:

-somatic motor
-autonomic nuceli

-efferent fibers leave leave the spinal cord via the ventral root
dorsal horns
-organized into 2 distinct nuclei:

-somatic
-visceral
butterfly
-sensory fibers from dorsal roots synapse w/ interneurons in dorsal horns of grey matter
ventral roots
-carries info from CNS to muscles/glands
-efferent
dorsal root ganglion
-swellings on dorsal roots before they enter cord
-contain cell bodies of sensory neurons
dorsal root
-in each spinal nerve
-carries incoming sensory info
-afferent
tracts
-bundles of axons that connect different regions of CNS
-= to nerves in PNS
-inside CNS
white matter
-myelinated axons + glia
-few cell bodies
-tracts
grey matter
-unmyelinated cell nerve bodies, dendrities, axon terminals
-assembled in organized fashion in brain and SC
-nuclei= clusters of cell bodies in CNS
-perikayon + glia
ganglia
-cluster of nerve cell bodies outside CNS
-gray matter
Node of ranvier
-b/w myelin insulated areas
-direct contact w/ extracellular fluid
ependymal cells
-produce cerebral spinal fluid
-create selectively permeable epithelial layer
-separates fluid compartments of CNS
microglia
-phagocytic cells
-immune system surveillance
-reside permanently in CNS
-remove damage cells/foreign invaders
Schwann cells
-myelin of PNS
-neurolemma
-support/insulate axons
-1 cell for single axon
satellite cells
-support of PNS
-nonmyelinating Schwann cell
-supportive capsules around nerve bodies located in ganglia
oligodendrocytes
-myelin of CNS
-support/insulate axons
-1 cells wraps around several axons
astrocytes
-support cells for CNS
-highly branched
-contact blood vessels and neurons
-transfer nutrients b/w the 2
-maintain homeostasis by taking up K+ and neurotransmitters of ECF
neuroglia
-support for neruons
-do not directly particpiate in transmission of electrical signals
-provide structural stability
-provide metabolic support
-maintain homeostasis
dendrite
-incoming info
axon
-outgoing info-convey chemical/electrical signals
-cytoplasm lacks ribosomes/ER
-filled w/ fibers and filaments
perikaryon
-neuron cell body
Efferent
-motor division
-somatic: CNS motor signals to muscles, voluntary
-ANS, involuntary; signals to heart, smooth muscles, glands

-sympathetic "fight or flight"
-parasympathetic: "repair or repose"
Afferent
-incoming sensory info
-receptors from somatic and visceral areas
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