Study Psychology Final Flash Cards

 
Pile Management Card
Psychology Final

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many people who were interned in concentration camps were unable to recall events that happened during their internment
repression
16yr old alicia had started using drugs, and the changes in her behavior were pretty obvious, but alicia's parents didn't believe the school principal when she called to talk with them about the problem
denial
when her sister was born, 4yr old Gracie began sucking her thumb again and wanting her mother to rock her
regression
antonio, who as a child loved to pull the wings off dead moths and was fascinated by blood and guts, grew up to be a surgeon
sublimation
the businesswoman who kicks her dog off the porch when she gets home because she had a bad day at work
displacement
when lisa received a paper with a D grade, she immediately told her friends (and herself) that it didn't matter because she had intended to drop the course all along
rationalization
caleb spends a lot of time surfing the internet to pursue his own interests while he is at work, but he frequently accuses others of being lazy and surfing the internet when they should be working
projection
set is very interested in his neighbor sally but has much anxiety about his attraction to her since his friends would not approve. every time he sees her he acte very rude and says mean things to her despite his intense attraction to her
reaction formation
those who react with ___________to stress are most likely to develop premature heart disease
anger
when we encounter a stressor, the adrenal glands release__________that____________the sympathetic nervous system's reaction to stress
hormones; activate
roughly half the variability in personality among individuals is due to _________, and the other half is due to ________________.
genetic factors; environmental factors
bonnie is a good student, organized, self-disciplined, and very careful about turning her work in on time. according to the big five factor model of personality, bonnie would likely score high on
conscientiousness
sigmund freud held that the ego operates on the _____________, the regulating mechanism that enables the individual to delay the gratification ofimmediate needs and operate effectively in the world
reality principle
an emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action is called
fight-or-flight response
Bette enjoys spending time with friends and family, and she particularly enjoys partying and social events. according to all trait theories of personality, she would likely score high on
extraversion
what is the biggest concern about projective tests such as the Rorschach Inkblot Test and the TAT?
projective tests have not been found to be reliable predictors of behavior
people wiht ___________tend to live happier and healthier lives than those with _____________
high self-esteem; low self-esteem
it is not the amount of control you actually have in any given situation that affects the amount of stress you will feel; it is the ___________control
perceived
the exercise of voluntary control over the self to bring the self into line with preferred standards is called
self-regulation
4-yr old Chuck has been heard to say "when i grow up, im going to marry mom." Recently, however, he has begun to pretend-shave wiht his father in the mornings and comb his hair as he sees his father do. Freud would say that Chuck is experiencing
the Oedipus conflict
specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on us or threaten our well-being are called
stressors
after experiencing a traumatic even such as living or working in a war zone or being physically attacked it is not uncommon to develop
posttraumatic stress disorder
what would personality psychologists expect to have the most similar personality traits?
monozygotic twins Sadie and Sara
according to Shelley Taylor, the female response to stress is to ___________, whereas the male response more often is __________
tend-and-befriend; fight-or-flight
higher levels of stress can cause all of the following
arousal of the sympathetic nervous system, elevated blood pressure, and damaged blood vessels that accumalate plaque
the technique most widely used by psychologists to collect information that someone's personality structure is
self-report
a trait that reflects a grandiose view of the self, combined with a tendency to seek admiration from and exploit others, is known as
narcissism
the projective personality test that uses individual interpretations of the various shapes to identify someone's inner feelings is the
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Sigmund Freud believed that the mind is made up of three independent but interacting systems, the _________, the ________, and the ________
superego, ego, id
in what phase of the general adaptation syndrome reaction to stress does the body adapt to its high state of arousal i an attempt to cope with the stressor?
resistance
Hans Eysenck's theory of personality identified two trait dimensions, emotional stability vs. instability and_________
extraversion vs. introversion
the statistical procedure that has enabled researchers to sort trait terms into a small number of underlying dimensions is
factor analysis
you sit down in history class and the teacher comes out with a pop quiz. you are stressed and likely consider the quiz a ____________since you have ont yet read the chapter you are being quizzed over
threat
if the immune system is compromised by stressful events, what 3 things could be expected to happen
increased susceptibility to colds, less resistance to illness, and slower healing of woulds
if yo have never seen a Chihuahua, but you have seen somewhat similar types of dog breeds, such a rat terriers and miniture Pinschers, which theory would better predict your ability to correctly identify a Chihuahua as a "dog"?
exemplar theory
when janet sees a coffee mug, a tall juice glass, and a short whiskey glass, she probably categorizes all these objects together as the _________of "cup"
concept
the tendency for information to be better recalled when you experience the same feelings during encoding and during retrieval is called
state-dependent retrieval
which three facts are true of language
language shapes thought, language allows us to communicate withe others, language involves the use of symbols
the conjunction fallacy describes how people are more likely to think__________than that_________
two events occur together; either individual event occurs separately
jason will be most successful in remembering a telephone number until he can dial it if he employs the memory technique known as
rehearsal
be relating new information to things that you already know and their meanings, it is easier to remember. this is an example of what type of encoding?
elaborative
information can be kept for hours, days, weeks, or years in the
long-term memory store
after a near fatal collision with an 18whlr, penelope was unable to think about anything else for many months, she suffered the memory failrue known as
persistence
developmental milestones during infancy with respect to language production occur in what order
crying, cooing, babbling, says first word
susan's mom called susan on her cell phone to ask her to pick up eight items from the grocery store. since susan was on the bus with no way to make a list when her mom called, she had to remember the items. she grouped them into categories, thereby making use of
organizational encoding
efforts to teach apes human language often focuses on
teaching them American Sign Language (ASL)
apes are able to learn human language through signing but have a limitation of
learning concrete words but not very many abstract concepts, using and comprehending only simple grammar, and smaller sizes of vocabulary than humans
think about what you ate for breakfast this morning. what key steps must you have performed to remember this event?
encoding, storage, and retrieval
"psychology rocks!" is a perfectly fine sentence in the english language because it follows the appropriate___________of that language
syntactical rules
remembering to do things in the future is called
prospective memory
as donovan looks over the list of vocabular words, he panics bc he can't quite recall the meaning of some of the previously memorized words. donovan is experiencing a type of memory failure called
blocking
babies are born with the ability to recognize and distinguish
among all phonemes
language comprehension refers to_______skills whereas language production refers to____________ skills
receptivce; expressive
long term memory is possible because of the
strengthened pathways in the brain achieved through repeated signals sent across synapses
the tendency for people to remember events as either more positive or negative as compared to their feelings at the actual time of the event is due to
bias
interactionists describe language development as
a combination of environmental experiences and bilogical influences
difficulty in producing or comprehending language is called
aphasia
a morpheme is
the smallest meaningful unit of language
the persistence of intrusive memories, such as flashbulb memories, is often a result of
highly emotional experiences, which lead to more vivd and long-lasting memories
during class we watched a video of a man named EP who had severe memory loss. although he could vividly recollect his childhood neighborhood, he did not remember researchers who had visited his home many times since he experienced changes to his brain. what kind of amnesia did EP have?
anterograde amnesia
heading to the ball field one saturday morning, sandy was surprised to find herself pulling into her usual place at work. this was likely the result of
absentmindedness
research has found that infants who watch language videos know ________words than infants who do not watch these videos
fewer
patients with Wernicke's and Broca's aphasia provide evidence that language is
specialized within specific brain regions over time
transcience describes how our memories_________detail over time and we reconstruct memories based on ___________experiences
lose; general
remembering what, where, and when information about the personal events that occurred in your life is type of
episodic memory
____________are convenient representations of categories because they reflect the overall most typical instance of the category
prototypes
many professions include_____________as a training mechanism so that people can learn by watching the actions of others
observational learning
sam was an accomplished furniture maker and was paid well each time he produced a set number of pieces of furniture; sam was on a __________schedul
fixed ratio
B. F. Skinner argued that positive and negative__________increase the likelihood that a particular behavior will continue
reinforcement
toby's dog Izzie gets very excited when she sees her leash because she knows they are going for a walk. Toby replaced izzie's leash today with a new one and brings it over to her to get ready to go outside. Toby is surprised because izzie doesn't seem as excited as usual. this is most likely because izzie has
discriminated the two leashes, noticing that they are different
if children observe their older brothers fighting in the neighborhood, Bandura would suggest that the younger siblings would
likely behave aggressively too
Tolman's experiments with rats and mazes strongly suggested to staunch behaviorists that
there is a cognitive component to operant learning
shamu, th ekiller whale at Sea World, was trained to do amazing tricks likely through a process called
shaping
variable ratio schedules of reinforcement produce___________rates of respongdin that fixed ratio schedules primarily because is difficult to know exactly when the next reinforcement is going to occur
slightly higher
when you put money in the candy machine, you expect to be reinforced on a
continuous reinforcement schedule
a mental representation of the physical features of the environment is called a
cognitive map
a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in respong is called
habituation
Thorndike's law of effect states that behaviors leading to pleasant situations will be ________, while behaviors that result in unpleasant situations will be_________
repeated, avoided
the controversial study that conditioned Little Albert to fear anything white and furry was carried out by researcher
John B Watson
after joshua received a $100 speeding ticket, flashing lights in his car's rearview mirror quickly became a(n)
positive punisher
in people as well as in rats and other animals, the ______________is involved in emotional conditioning because of its role in encoding "fearful" events
amygdala
when jasmine first moved into her apartment the buzzing noise coming from her refrigerator drove her nuts. now, after 3 months, jasmine doesn't notice the sound because she has likely
habituated to the sound
learning to drive a car requires___________attention to the process, however driving becomes increasingly more automatic and ________over time
explicit, implicit
each species is__________to learn some things more readily than others
biologically predisposed
students who do little studying until just before a test are exemplifying a __________schedule of reinforcement
fixed interval
the adaptive ability for organisms to transfer learning of one particular instance to another very similar case is evidence of
generalization
when your sister burned herself playing with matches, she cried for a long time. a byproduct of this experience was that you also learned not to play with matches. this type of learning is called
observational learning
when a neutral stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that natually evokes a response, the result is....
classical conditioning
the neurons in the pleasure centers of the brain, especially those in the nucleus accumbens, secrete_______, a neurotransmitter usually associated with positive emotions
dopamine
examples of primary reinforcers
food, comfort, shelter (money is not!)
what is a practical example of shaping behavior
rewarding your new kitten every time he moves towards the litter box
learning in humans that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition is called
implicit learning
when you were younger, your mother may have given in to your temper tantrum in the grocery store checkout line and bought you the candy bar you wanted. for your, the candy bar served as a _______. to your mother is served as a______
positive reinforcer, negative reinforcer
what function does the corpus callosum serve?
allows constant flow of information between the two hemispheres
what is the corpus callosum
is a group of neurons that act as a bridge to connect the left and right hemispheres of the brain
identify three basic parts of the neuron and describe the primary function of each part
1)cell body-sorts the information, proccessing tasks, and keeps cells alive
2)dendrite- the receiving part of the neuron
3)axon- the part that the chemicals travel through
when placed in a cage with a terry-cloth mother and a wire mother, rhesus monkeys...
preferred the soft cloth mother even when the wire mother provided nourishment
the two major divisions of the nervous system are the ______and the ________
central nervous system, peripheral nervous system
the __________-of the brain is extremely fast relative to the ________of the brain
ontogeny, phylogeny
what subdivision of the autonomic nervous system would be most associated with the phrase "wait and vegetate" or with the phrase "rest and digest"
parasympathetic nervous system
three examples of teratogen
tobacco, alcohol, and mercury in fish
what subdivision of the autonomic nervous system would be most associated with the phrase "fight or flight"
sympathetic nervous system
th e________contains several structures that are involved in motivation, emotion, learning, and memory
limbis system
______receive information from the external world and convey this information to the brain whereas_______carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement
sensory neurons; motor neurons
the area of the brain that coordinates information coming into and going out of the spinal cord is the
hindbrain
the behavioral test used to determine a child's attachment style is the
strange situation
before deciding to have children, couples should understand that
at least initially, children decrease marital satisfaction
drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter are called
antagonists
A(n)_________is a drug that increases the action of a neurotransmitter
agonist
grabbing an apple with the right hand requires the activation of the left hemisphere of the brain. this pattern is referred to as
contralateral control
the myelin or the insulating layer of fatty material that covers an axon serves
to increase the efficiency of transmission of the neuron
as children watched, dr. Vallance poured the same amount of juice intwo two identical glasses. then she poured the juice from one of those glasses into a taller, narrower glass. when asked which glass now has more juice, children in the preoperational stage would most likely say
the tall glass has more
which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with pleasure and motivation
dopamine
the outermost layer of the brain, which is divided into two hemispheres, is the
cerebral cortex
Phineas Gage's accident provided some of the first evidence that the frontal lobes are critical for
emotion regulation, planning, decision making
guided by his research, John Bowlby believed that infants are predisposed to form a(n) ____, or emotional bond, with a primary caregiver
attachment
____and____are functional neuroimaging techniques that allow us to study brain function
PET and fMRI
two groups that are much slower than others to acquire a theory of mind are __________children and _______children
autistic, deaf
presented with two identical balls of clay, children in the __________stage say that the two balls still contain the same amount of clay even when one is rolled out into a snake or flattened into a pancake
concrete operational
the _____lobe is located at the back of the cerebral cortex; it processes visual information
occipital
infants learn to control their arms and trunk before they can control their legs, and example of the ______rule
cephalocaudal
the _____lobe has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgment
frontal
bodily characteristics that are directly involved in reproduction are called?
primary sex characteristics
___________direct(s) and produce(s) human behaviors, personality traits, and even psychological disorders
genes and the environment
the idea that quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object's appearance is what Jean Piaget termed?
conservation
beatriz is 2 years old, when her brother tells her to hide, she closes her eyes. this is an example of?
egocentrism
the scientific method includes 5 steps that should be conducted in what order
observation, predict, test, interpret, and communicate
what is the only way to determine a causal relationship between two variables
experimentation
the two main features of an experiment are __________and____________
randomization and manipulation
what is the main advantage of experimentation over correlation in determining causal relationships?
experimentation offers the possibility of controlling for all potential third variables at once
the ethical principle of ______means that research participants are given enough information about a study to make a reasonable decision about whether or not to participate
informed consent
"as the size of a sample increases, the attributes of the sample more closely approximate the attributes of the population from which the sample was drawn". this is a statement of________
the law of large numbers
Correlation coefficients reveal both the _____and the ____of a correlation between two variables.
direction; strength
the early roots of psychology are firmly planted in physiology and in
philosophy
Phrenology, a theory developed by______, suggested that specific mental abilities and characteristics were located in specific regions of the brain
Gall
Freud's view of human nature was largely____, whereas humanistic psychologists accented the_______
negative, positive
an approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectivity observable behavior is called
behaviorism
psychological processes are said to be_________because they promote the welfare and reproduction of organisms
adaptive
who proposed that psychologists focus entirely on the study of behavior--on what people do--rather than what on people experience
John Watson
the scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning
cognitive psychology
In the end, the structuralist approach faded primarily because of
the difficulty in measuring results from introspection
the theory that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors is called
psychoanalytic theory
the study of the purpose mental processes serve i enabling us to adapt to our environment is called
functionalism
wundt believed that scientific psychology should focus on analyzing consciousness and the basic elements that constitute the mind, an approach called
structuralism
a correlation coefficient of -1.00 indicates
a negative pattern of covariation between two variables under study
social psychologists believe that the presence of other can influence
performance on even the most simple tasks
social and cultural psychology together expand psychology's focus on individuals to include the contexts of
human behavior
an operational definition is a description of a property in
measurable terms
Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection is important in
evolutionary psychology
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