Study Cancer Lecture Flash Cards

 
Pile Management Card
Cancer Lecture

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pRb
-belongs to family of retinoblastoma proteins
-negative regulators of cell cycle
-interact w/ TF E2F
-makes E2F inactive
-once phosphorylated, releases E2F and turns on expression in genes
-where most problems occur
Three main categories of chemotherapy agents:
Stop the synthesis of DNA building blocks
Directly damage the DNA in the nucleus
Affect the synthesis of the mitotic spindle
Three goals of chemotherapy
Damage the DNA of cancer cells
Inhibit DNA synthesis
Stop mitosis

(chemo targets dividing cells; also targets hair, skin, immune cells--> why hair falls out on chemo!)
E2F
-transcriptional activator
-mutations lead to cell cycle arrest
p53
-tumor suppressor protein
-activated at check points by damaged DNA
Cyclin D
-proto-onco gene often deregulated in cancer
Cell Cycle Regulation & Cancer
pRb-
Cyclin D-
p53-
E2F-
E2F
-TFs that regulate cyclins
RB proteins
-family of tumor suppressor proteins involved in regulation
-substrate of cyclin/CDK complexes
CDKs
-Cyclin-Dependent Kinases
-serine/theronine kinases that are involved in cell cycle regulation
Cyclins
-modifying proteins
-depend on cell ccle phase
-associate w/ CDKs
Cell Cycle Regulators
Cyclins-
CDKs- Cylin-Dependent Kinases
RB proteins-
E2F-
Interphase
-G1, S, G2
Cytokinesis
-fiber ring of actin around the center of the cell contracts
-pinches the cell into two daughter cells
Telophase
-chromatids arrive at opposite poles
-new membranes form around the daughter nuclei
-chromosomes disperse--> chromatin
Anaphase
-paired chromosomes separate at the kinetochores
Metaphase
-spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the middle of the cell nucleus
Prometaphase
-nuclear membrane dissolves
-centromeric proteins create the kinetochores
-microtubules attach at the kinetochores
-chromosomes begin moving
Prophase
-Chromatin in the nucleus begins to condense--> chromosomes
-nucleolus disappears
-centrioles begin moving to opposite ends of the cell and fibers extend from the centromeres
Mitosis
Prophase-
Prometaphase-
Metaphase-
Anaphase-
Telophase-
Cytokinesis-
How do cells become cancerous?
??
Prevention
-85% of all cancers are preventable
-Environmental/behavior factors can be changed (Smoking, exposure to sun, alcohol abuse, poor nutrition, etc.)
-Factors like age, race, gender and family history cannot be changed
Cancer Treatment
Surgery
Chemotherapy (chems to kill cancer cells)
Radiation (large doses of energy in specific areas)
Immunotherapy (stimulate immune system to kill cancer cells)
Gene therapy
Clinical trials
Lymphomas
-affect lymphatic system
- >20 types
Leukemias
-blood and blood-forming organs
Sarcomas
-fibrous tissues, bone, cartilage, muscle, fat
Carcinomas
-tissues that line the body's organs
-80% of all cancers
Types of cancer
Carcinomas
Sarcomas
Leukemias
Lymphomas
Blood tests
ex: PSA test for prostate cancer
Diagnostic imaging
X-rays, CAT scans, MRIs, ultrasounds (solid or liquid tumor?)
Endoscopy
camera on tube (ex: colonoscopy)
Biopsy
look at tissue under microscope
How is cancer diagnosed?
Biopsy
Endoscopy
Diagnostic imaging
Blood tests
Progressor
??
Promoter
-causes rapid cell growth
-takes advantage of genetic mutation
-could be inherited or inside/outside body
Initiator
-causes initial mutation
-can be born with it
-within or outside body
What causes cancer?
Cancer begins with mutations in your DNA
Initiator-
Promoter-
Progressor-
What increases your risk of cancer?
Habits (smoking, drinking, unsafe sex)
Family history
Health conditions (chronic conditions increase risk)
Environment (secondhand smoke, chemicals)
What causes cancer? (%s?)
80% are sporadic (age, obesity, diet, cigs, UV, viruses, etc.)
20% are hereditary
Remission
no more symptoms present
Prognosis
expected outcome
Staging
I-IV
Metastasis
cancer moves to other locations in body
Malignant
cancerous, tumor grows uncontrollably
Chronic
long-lasting
Benign
not malignant
Adenoma
noncancerous tumor
Acute
symptoms begin or worsen quickly, not chronic
What is cancer?
Cancer refers to any one of a large number of diseases characterized by the development of abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably and have the ability to infiltrate and destroy normal body tissue. Cancer can spread throughout your body.
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