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| pharmacognetics |
a field of study which defines the hereditary basis of individual differences in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (the ADME processes). |
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| induction |
a drug causes more metabolic enzymes to be produced, thus increasing the metabolic activity. |
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| inhibition |
a drug blocks the activity of metabolic enzymes in the liver. |
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| displacement |
a drug bound to a plasma protein is removed when another drug of greater binding potential binds to the same protein. |
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| potentiaion |
when one drug with no inherent activity of its own increases the activity of another drug that produces an effect. |
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| enzyme inhibition |
the decrease in enzyme activity that results in decreased metabolism of drugs. |
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| enzyme induction |
the increase in enzyme activity that results in greater metabolism of drugs. |
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| drug-diet interaction |
when elements of ingested nutrients interact with a drug and this affects the disposition of the drug. |
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| hypothyroidism |
a condition in which thyroid hormones secretions are below normal, often referred to as an under active thyroid. |
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| hyperthyroidism |
a condition in which thyroid hormone secretions are above normal, often referred to as an over active thyroid. |
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| obstructive jaundice |
an obstruction of the bile that causes hepatic waste products and bile to accumulate in the liver. |
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| acute viral hepatitis |
an inflammatory condition o the liver caused by viruses; the effects are less than in cirrhosis but long term exposure can progress into chronic disease with the same characteristics as cirrhosis. |
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| synergism |
when two drugs with similar pharmacological actions produce greater effects than the sum of the individual effects. |
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| nephrotoxicity |
ability of a substanceacute viral hepatitis to harm the kidneys |
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| idiosyncrasy |
an unexpected reaction tge first time a drug is taken, generally due to genetic causes. |
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| hypersensitivity |
an abnormal sensitivity generally in an allergic reaction. |
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| complexation |
the formation of an insoluble or unabsorbable molecule. |
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| cirrhosis |
a chronic and potentially fatal liver disease causing loss of function and increased resistance to blood flow through the liver. |
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| carcinagenicity |
ability of a substance to cause cancer |
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| antidote |
a drug that antagonizes the toxic effect of another drug |
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| anaphylactic shock |
a potentially fatal hypersensitivity reaction producing severe respiratory distress and cardiovascular collapse. |
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| additive effects |
when two drugs with similar pharmacological actions result in an effect equal to the sum of the individual effects. |
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| disease states |
>The disposition and effect of some drugs can be influenced by the presence of diseases other than the one for which a drug is used. |
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| Drug-diet interactions |
>Some foods contain substances that react with certain drugs, e.g., foods containing tyramine can react with monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. |
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| drug0drug interactions |
>Drug-drug interactions can result in either increases or decreases in therapeutic effects or side effect.
>Additive effects occur when two drugs with similar pharmacological actions result in an effect equal to the sum of the individual effects.
>Synergism occurs when two drugs with similar pharmacological actions result in an effect than the sum of the individual effects.
>Displacement of one drug from protein binding sites by a second drug increases the effects of the displaced drug.
>Drugs that induce liver metabolism may also increase metabolism f other drugs that use the same metabolizing enzymes.
>Some drugs increase excretion by raising pH and lessing renal re absorption. |
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| adverse drug reactions |
>almost any drug, in almost any dose, can produse an allergic or hypersensitive reaction on a patient. Anaphylactic shocl is a potentially fatal hypersensitivity reaction.
>Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and diarrhea are among the most common adverse reactions to drugs in the GI tract.
>Teratogenicity is the ability of a substance to cause abnormal fetal development when given to pregnant women. |
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| Human variability |
Differences in age, weight, genetics, and gender are among the significant factors that influence the differences in medication responses among people
>Drug distribution, metabolism, and excretion are quite diff in the neonate and infant than in adults because their organ systems are not fully developed.\
>children metabolize certain drugs more rapidly than adults.
>the elderly typically consume m,roe drugs and have a higher incidence of drug interactions than other age groups. They also experience more physiological changes that significantly affect drug action.
>Genetic differences can cause differences in the types and amounts of proteins produced in the body, which can result in differences in drug action. |
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