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| duration of action |
the time drug concentration is above MEC |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:43:45 GMT |
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| minimum toxic concentration(MTC) |
the upper limit of the therapeutic window. Drug concentrations above the MTC increase the risk of undesired effects. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:43:45 GMT |
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| therapeutic window |
a drug's blood concetraoin range between its MEC and MTC |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:43:45 GMT |
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| onset of action |
the time MEC is reached and the response occurs. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:43:45 GMT |
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| Minimum effective concentration (MEC) |
the blood concentration needed for a drug to produce a response. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:43:45 GMT |
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| biopharmaceutics |
the study of the factors associated with drug products and physiological processes, and the resulting systemic concentrations of the drugs. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:43:45 GMT |
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| active transport |
the movement of drugs from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Clellular energy is required. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:43:45 GMT |
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| absorption |
the movement of a drug from the dosage formulation to the blood. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:43:45 GMT |
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| gastric emptying time |
the time a drug will stay in the stomach before it is emptiedabsorption into the small intestine. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:01 GMT |
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| complexation |
when diff molecules associate or attach to each other. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:01 GMT |
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| protein binding |
the attachment of a drug molecule to a plasma or tissue protein, effectively making the drug inactive, but also keeping it within the body.ll |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:01 GMT |
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| enterohepatic cycling |
the transfer of drugs and their metabolites from the liver to the bile in the gallbladder, then into the intestine, and then back into circulation. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:01 GMT |
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| enzyme inhibition |
the decrease in hepatic enzyme activity that results in reduced metabolism of drugs. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:00 GMT |
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| metabolite |
the substance resulting from the body's transformation of an administered drug. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:00 GMT |
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| glomerular filtration |
the blood filtering process of the nephron |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:00 GMT |
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| nephron |
the functional unit of the kidneys. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:00 GMT |
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| therapeutic equivalent |
pharmaceutical equivalents that produce the same effects in patients, |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:00 GMT |
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| pharmaceutical alternative |
drug products that contain the same active ingredient, but not necessarily in the same salt form, amount, or dosage form. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:00 GMT |
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| pharmaceutical equivalent |
drug products that contain identical amounts of the same active ingredient in the same dosage form. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:00 GMT |
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| site of action |
the location where an administered drug produces an effect. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:00 GMT |
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| selective (action) |
the characteristic of a drug that makes its action specific to certain receptors |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:00 GMT |
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| receptor |
the cellular material which interacts with the drug |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:00 GMT |
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| protein binding |
the attachment of a drug molecule to a protein, effectively making the drug inactive. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:00 GMT |
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| passive diffusion |
the movement of drugs from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:00 GMT |
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| first-pass metabolism |
the substantial degradation of an orally administered drug caused by enzyme metabolism in the liver before the drug reaches the systemic circulation. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:00 GMT |
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| enzyme induction |
the increase in enzyme activity that results in greater metabolism of drugs. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:00 GMT |
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| bioequivalence |
the comparison of bioavailability between two dosage forms. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:00 GMT |
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| bioavailability |
the relative amount of an administered dose that reaches the general circulation and the rate at which this occurs. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:00 GMT |
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| antagonist |
drugs that bind with receptors but do not activate them. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:00 GMT |
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| agaonist |
drugs taht activate receptors to accelerate or sow noraml cellular function. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:00 GMT |
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| Bioequivalence |
>the amount of a drug that is available to the site of action and the rate at which it becomes available is called the bioequivalence of the drug.
> Bioequivalent drug products are pharmaceutical equivalents or alternatives which have essentially the same rate and extent of absorption when administered in the same dose of the active ingredient under similar conditions.
>pharmaceutical equivalents are drug products that contain identical amounts of the same active ingredient in the same dosage form, but may contain diff inactive ingredient's.
>Pharmaceutical alternative are drug products that contain the identical active ingredient, but not necessarily in the same salt form, same amount ,or dosage form. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:00 GMT |
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| Excretion |
The kidneys filter the blood and remove wastes, drugs, and metabolites fromt eh body.
>Urinary excretion= glomerular filtration+renal secretion-urinary re absorption. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:00 GMT |
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| Metabolism |
Enzymes catalyze the transformation of drugs to metabolites. most metabolites are inactive molecules that are excreted. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:00 GMT |
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| Distribution |
Many drugs bind to proteins in bloods plasma to form a complex that is too large to penetrate biological membranes, essentially making the drug inactive. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:00 GMT |
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| Absorption |
one of the primary factor affecting oral drug absorption is the gastric emptying time. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:00 GMT |
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| ADME processes and diffusion |
>Blood concentration are the result of four simultaneously occurring processes: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (the ADME) processes.
>Besides the four ADME processes, a critical factor of drug concentration and effect is how drugs move though biological membranes. Most drugs penetrate biological membranes by passive diffusion. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:00 GMT |
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| Concentration and effect |
>To produce an effect, a drug must achieve a minimum effective concentration (MEC). This is when there is enough drug at the site of action to produce a response.
>The range between the minimum effective concentration and the minimum toxic concentration is called the therapeutic window. when concentrations are in this range, most patients receive the maximum benefit from their drug therapy with a minimum risk.
>Therapeutic drug monitoring can be useful when blood concentration of the drug reflects the concentration at the site of action. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:00 GMT |
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| How drugs work |
>The objective is to deliver the right drug, in the right concentration, to the right site of action, and at the right time to produce the desired effect.
>Only those drugs able to bind chemically to the receptors in a particular site of action can produce effects in that site. This is why specific ells only respond to certain drugs. |
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atziry999 Mon, 11 Aug 2008 19:08:00 GMT |
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