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| optical activity |
a plane of polarized light is used on a pair of enantiomers. Each member of the pair rotates in opposite directions in the plane |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:57:25 GMT |
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| ER=enantiomeric ratio |
%R : %S |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:57:25 GMT |
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| EE=enantiomeric excess |
the diff. in amounts of the two enantiomers in a mixture
%R-%S |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:57:25 GMT |
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| resolution of enantiomers |
seperating enantiomers into 2 pure enantiomers
~common, treat mixture w/a chiral resolving agent that converts the mixture of enantimers into diastereomers. they are seperated by their unique physical properties then converted to pure stereoisomers
-Chromatgrapgy is also an effect method |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:57:25 GMT |
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| racemic mixture |
mixture of equal amounts of 2 enantiomers |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:52:12 GMT |
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| meso compound |
an achiral compound possessing 2 or more chiral centers that also has a chiral isomer |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:52:12 GMT |
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| diastereomers |
stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:52:12 GMT |
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| enantiomers |
stereoisomers that are nonsuperposable mirror images (pairs of objects) |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:52:12 GMT |
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| stereoisomers |
isomers that have same molecular formula and same conn. but different orentaion in space |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:48:59 GMT |
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| constit. isomer |
compouns w same molecular formula but diff. connectivity of their atoms |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:48:59 GMT |
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| isomer |
different compounds w the same molecular formula |
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| Chiral |
object that is not superposable on its mirror image |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:48:59 GMT |
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| Physical Properties of Alkanes |
~Low-molecular-weight alkanes (methane to butane) are gases at room temperature
~Higher molecular-weight alkanes are liquids at room temperature
~High-molecular-weight alkanes are semisolids or solids at room temperature. |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:29:18 GMT |
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| Stereoisomers |
Compounds that have
the same molecular formula.
the same connectivity.
a different orientation of their atoms in space |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:25:19 GMT |
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| Cyclohexane |
~Chair conformation: The most stable puckered conformation
~Boat conformation:A puckered conformation of a cyclohexane ring in which carbons 1 and 4 are bent toward each other |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:25:19 GMT |
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| Cyclopentane |
Puckering from planar cyclopentane reduces torsional strain, but increases angle stain
~ “envelope” conformation. |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:25:19 GMT |
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| Cyclobutane |
Puckering from planar cyclobutane reduces torsional strain but increases angle strain.
~“butterfly” conformation. |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:25:19 GMT |
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| Gauche conformation |
A conformation about a single bond of an alkane in which two groups on adjacent carbons lie at a dihedral angle of 60°. |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:15:00 GMT |
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| Anti conformation |
A conformation about a single bond in which the groups on adjacent carbons lie at a dihedral angle of 180° |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:15:00 GMT |
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| Angle strain |
Strain that arises when a bond angle is either compressed or expanded compared to its optimal value. |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:15:00 GMT |
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| Steric strain |
The strain that arises when nonbonded atoms separated by four or more bonds are forced closer to each other than their atomic (contact) radii will allow. |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:15:00 GMT |
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| Dihedral angle |
The angle created by two intersecting planes |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:15:00 GMT |
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| Torsional strain |
strain that arises when nonbonded atoms separated by three bonds are forced from a staggered conformation to an eclipsed conformation
~~**also called eclipsed interaction strain |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:10:32 GMT |
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| Conformation |
Any three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule that results from rotation about a single bond |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:10:32 GMT |
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| Suffix -oic acid |
Carboxylic acid |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:10:32 GMT |
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| Suffix -one |
ketone |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:10:32 GMT |
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| Suffix -amine |
amine |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:06:02 GMT |
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| Suffix -al |
Aldehyde |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:06:02 GMT |
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| Suffix -ol |
Alcohol |
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| Suffix -e |
Hydrocarbon |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:06:02 GMT |
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| Newman projections |
viewed down c-c axis ; Lines from the center=toward
Lines on outside=away |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 02:42:21 GMT |
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| Fisher Projections |
2-D projection of a molecule vertical or ||| =away; horizontal or |>= towards |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 02:42:21 GMT |
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| Line-angle drawling |
each vertex and line ending represents a carbon atom |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 02:42:21 GMT |
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| Saturated hydrocarbon |
contain only carbon-carbon single bonds |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 02:42:21 GMT |
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| Molecular orbital theory |
a method for determining molecular structure in which electrons are not assigned to individual bonds between atoms, but are treated as moving under the influence of the nuclei in the whole molecule
~~**uses a linear combination of atomic orbitals to form molecular orbitals which cover the whole molecule. These are often divided into bonding orbitals, anti-bonding orbitals, and non-bonding orbitals. |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 02:35:26 GMT |
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| Formal Charge |
=#valence e- -(unshared e- +.5shared) |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 02:35:26 GMT |
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| Electronegativiities |
Measure of the force of an atom's attraction for electrons.
~*increases left to right &bottom to top
****F has the highest |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 02:35:26 GMT |
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| ionization energy |
the work required to remove the topmost electron in the atom or molecule when the gas atom or molecule is isolated in free space and is in its ground electronic state
~*Moving left to right within a period, the ionization energy generally increases |
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mi6967 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 02:35:26 GMT |
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