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| HA vs. N antigens |
HA= highly virulent
N= not as virulent, less immunogenicity |
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mcs5109 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:25:46 GMT |
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| Salk vs. Sabin vaccines |
SALK:
-2 intramuscular shots
-booster every 5 years
-safe
SABIN
-oral dose
-booster beginning of school year
-not in US
-no longer recommended |
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mcs5109 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:25:04 GMT |
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| Bruce Savin (1957) |
-developed oral polio vaccine |
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mcs5109 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:25:04 GMT |
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| polio vaccine |
-Salk (1947)
-grew virus in monkey renal cells
-3 strains inactivated w/ formulin
-1987--> new version grown in human cells --> higher antigenicity
-Bruce Savin developed oral vaccine in 1957 |
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mcs5109 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:25:04 GMT |
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| polio |
-enters nose and mouth--> intestines--> bloodstream--> AB production clears virus--> lifetime immunity
-1% paralyzed (brain--> SC--> limbs or lungs)
-highly contagious |
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mcs5109 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:25:04 GMT |
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| vaccine problems |
-weak immunity
-side effects
-may cause autism
-may cause disease |
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mcs5109 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:20:15 GMT |
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| how vaccines are made |
-viruses killed
-live attenuated (less strong)
-virus proteins: capsid proteins, recombinant vaccines combine viruses |
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mcs5109 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:20:15 GMT |
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| passive immunity |
-ABs given directly
-ex: rabies
-mother-to-child
-immediate protection
-short-lived |
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mcs5109 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:18:30 GMT |
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| active immunity |
-exposure to entigen
-triggers immune response
-produces ABs
-long-lasting
-takes time to develop |
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mcs5109 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:18:30 GMT |
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| 1st vaccine |
Edward Jenner for small pox |
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mcs5109 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:18:30 GMT |
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| global pandemic occurs if... |
1. new strain
2. virus causes serious illness
3. spreads easily from person to person |
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mcs5109 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:18:30 GMT |
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| antigenic shift |
-2 different strains of a virus combine to form a new subtype
-has mixture of the surface antigens of the two original strains
-jumps from one animal to another
-infrequent, sudden, more dramatic changes |
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mcs5109 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 01:57:58 GMT |
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| antigenic drift |
-natural mutation over time of known strains of influenza
-Random mutations in the genes of a virus
-changes the antigens of the virus.
-help the virus to evade the immune system if antigens change
-results in loss of immunity or vaccine mismatch |
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mcs5109 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 01:57:58 GMT |
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| why are pigs "viral casseroles"? |
pig cells contain receptors to permit infection by different strains (avian, swine, human) |
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mcs5109 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 01:57:58 GMT |
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| flu evolution |
-influenza A isolated from many host species
-lived in aquatic birds for millions of years
-increased mutation enabled virus to jump from wild birds--> domesticated ducks--> chickens--> pigs
-pig cells contain receptors to permit infection by different strains (avian, swine, human) |
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mcs5109 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 01:57:58 GMT |
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| viruses enter host cells via... |
...receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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mcs5109 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 01:44:19 GMT |
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| steps of viral life cycle |
1. adsorption
2. entry
3. replication
4. viral gene expression
5. production of virion components
6. virion assembly
7. release |
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mcs5109 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 01:44:19 GMT |
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| how to evade host cell's immune responses |
-enter latent state (hidden from ABs)
-vary antigenic surface proteins
-block production of immune complexes
-cytolysis of immune cells
-reduce antigenic presence by B cells
-inhibition of inflammation |
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mcs5109 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 01:44:19 GMT |
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| viral pathogenicity |
-depends on:
envelope, capsid proteins, nucleic acids, viral protein production, cell's permissiveness
-evading host cells' immune responses |
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mcs5109 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 01:44:19 GMT |
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| influenza B |
-only in humans
-mutates 2-3x slower |
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mcs5109 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 01:31:30 GMT |
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| influenza A |
-most virulent, most common |
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mcs5109 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 01:31:30 GMT |
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| influenza basic info |
-upper resp tract
-surface proteins: Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (N)
-influenza A vs. B
-8 segmented (-) ssRNA, each encodes for a separate viral protein |
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mcs5109 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 01:31:30 GMT |
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| persistent infectious cycle |
-virus is not cleared but remains in specific cells of infected individuals.
-may involve stages of both silent and productive infection
-no rapid killing or excessive damage
-3 types of overlapping persistent virus-host interaction: productive, latent, transforming |
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mcs5109 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 01:25:22 GMT |
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| abortive infectious cycle |
-after initial infection the viral genome is lost from the host cell or from successive generations
-only temporary malignancy |
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mcs5109 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 01:25:22 GMT |
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| + RNA |
-in same reading frame as mRNA
-particular viral RNA sequence may be directly translated by the host cell
-can be considered "viral mRNA" |
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mcs5109 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 01:01:43 GMT |
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| virus classification based on... |
1. basic structure
-isohedral (20-sided)
-helical
2. nucleic acid
-ds or ss
-RNA or DNA
- (+/-) RNA
3. infectious cycles
-abortive
-lytic
-persistent- productive, latent, and transforming (tumor viruses) |
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mcs5109 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 01:01:43 GMT |
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| emerging disease |
-appeared in a pop for the 1st time, or may have existed previously, but is rapidly increasing in incidents or geo range
-ex: flu, polio |
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mcs5109 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 01:01:43 GMT |
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