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| ATP; Why so much energy in one of its covalent bonds? |
Adenosine Triphophate
Used by breaking covalent bond between 2nd & 3rd phosphate. The bonds contain so much energy because phosphate is a polyatomic ion with a charge of -3. Because like charges oppose each other, it takes high amounts of energy to stick them together. |
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bhoward86 Wed, 09 Sep 2009 17:44:33 GMT |
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| Basic structure of RNA |
Single strand of nucleotides, but unlike DNA, containing ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose and uracil instead of thymine |
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bhoward86 Tue, 08 Sep 2009 23:11:00 GMT |
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| Basic structure of DNA |
Double helix; formed by two very long polynucleotide strands linked along their length by hydrogen bonds between complementary pairs of nitrogen bases |
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bhoward86 Tue, 08 Sep 2009 23:11:00 GMT |
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| Basic structure of a nucleotide |
Consists of a phosphate, a sugar (ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA), and a nitrogenous base such as adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine or uracil |
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bhoward86 Tue, 08 Sep 2009 23:05:57 GMT |
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| Phosphodiester Bond |
Covalent bond between phosphate and sugar |
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bhoward86 Wed, 09 Sep 2009 16:53:52 GMT |
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| Peptide Bond |
A covalent bond between two amino acids that forms between the amine group of one and the carboxyl group of the other. Basic bond of proteins |
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bhoward86 Tue, 08 Sep 2009 23:05:57 GMT |
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| Ways to describe protein structure |
Amino acids connected by peptide bonds.
Primary structure: sequence of amino acids
Secondary structure: helix or sheet, formed only by hydrogen bonds
Tertiary structure: 3D, what structure looks like
Quaternary structure: 2 or more polypeptides interact to form a large, multi-unit protein (ex. hemoglobin) |
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bhoward86 Wed, 09 Sep 2009 17:32:30 GMT |
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| Basic structure of an amino acid |
20 different naturally occurring forms.
Have a base skeleton consisting of a carbon linked to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), a hydrogen atom (H) and a variable R group. |
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bhoward86 Tue, 08 Sep 2009 22:56:04 GMT |
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| Phospholipid |
(Amphipathic) Serves as major structural component for cell membrane; contain 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol, and third glycerol site holds to a phosphate group, which holds to an alcohol; hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail -> heads attracted to water, tails attracted to each other, forming bilayers. |
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bhoward86 Wed, 09 Sep 2009 17:23:44 GMT |
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| Monosaccharide vs. Polysaccharide |
Saccharide (sugar)
Monosaccharide is a simple polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone molecule containing from 3 to 7 carbons (Ex. Glucose)
Polysaccharide is a polymer of 5 or more monosaccharides bound in linear or branched chain patterns (Ex. Starch) |
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bhoward86 Wed, 09 Sep 2009 17:26:00 GMT |
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| Calculate Molarity |
M=moles solute/L
NEED EXAMPLE |
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bhoward86 Tue, 08 Sep 2009 22:56:04 GMT |
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| Solvent vs. Solute vs. Solution |
Solvent: dissolving medium (water)
Solute: substance being dispersed/dissolved in a medium
Solution: mixture of one or more solutes in a solvent |
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bhoward86 Tue, 08 Sep 2009 22:24:01 GMT |
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| Acid vs. Base |
Acid: releases excess hydrogen ions (H+); pH below 7
Base: releases excess hydroxide ions (OH-); pH above 7 |
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bhoward86 Tue, 08 Sep 2009 22:24:01 GMT |
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| Oxidizing Agent vs. Reducing Agent |
Oxidizing agents are atoms that can receive extra e- and thereby oxidize another molecule.
Reducing agents are atoms that can donate e- and thereby reduce another atom.
OIL RIG= oxidizing is losing e-, reducing is gaining e- |
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bhoward86 Wed, 09 Sep 2009 17:08:02 GMT |
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| What makes a molecule polar? |
When atoms of different electronegativity form covalent bonds, the e- will not be shared equally and are pulled more toward one atom than another (Ex. H2O) |
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bhoward86 Wed, 09 Sep 2009 17:06:57 GMT |
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| Anion vs. Cation |
Anions are negatively charged ions, whereas cations are positively charged ions. |
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bhoward86 Tue, 08 Sep 2009 18:58:30 GMT |
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| Ionic Bond |
E- are transferred completely from one atom to another and are not shared (when 2 atoms perfectly complement eachother's valence Ex. NaCl) |
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bhoward86 Wed, 09 Sep 2009 17:03:32 GMT |
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| Covalent Bond |
When 2 atoms share e- rather than donate or receive them. Strongest bond. |
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bhoward86 Wed, 09 Sep 2009 17:01:49 GMT |
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| Hydrogen Bond |
Bond of attraction between molecules (H and either O or N in polar molecules). Weakest bond) |
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bhoward86 Wed, 09 Sep 2009 17:04:40 GMT |
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| Importance of valence |
Capacity for making bonds with other atoms, determined by he number of e- that an atom has to lose or share with other atoms. Atoms with filled outer orbital are more stable (partially filled outer orbitals are less stable)
C= 4
N= 3
O= 2
H= 1 |
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bhoward86 Wed, 09 Sep 2009 16:59:04 GMT |
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| Atomic Weight |
Average mass numbers of all isotopic forms of an atom. Uneven mass numbers means there are isotopic forms |
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bhoward86 Tue, 08 Sep 2009 18:51:15 GMT |
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| Orbital |
Pathways which the e- of an atom rotate around the nucleus. Not actual objects or exact locations but represent volumes of 3D space in which an e- is likely to be |
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bhoward86 Tue, 08 Sep 2009 18:51:15 GMT |
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| How is an atom's charge balanced? |
The stability of atomic structure is largely maintained by the mutual attraction of the p+ and e-, and the exact balance of p+ number and e- number, which causes the opposing charges to cancel each other out |
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bhoward86 Tue, 08 Sep 2009 18:51:15 GMT |
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| Electron |
Subatomic particles with a negative charge
Mass= 1 |
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bhoward86 Wed, 09 Sep 2009 16:56:23 GMT |
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| Proton |
Subatomic particles with a positive charge
Mass= 1 |
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bhoward86 Wed, 09 Sep 2009 16:56:11 GMT |
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| Atom |
A tiny particle that can't be subdivided into smaller substances without losing its properties |
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bhoward86 Tue, 08 Sep 2009 18:42:23 GMT |
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| Molecule |
A distinct chemical substance that results from the combination of 2 or more atoms |
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bhoward86 Tue, 08 Sep 2009 18:42:23 GMT |
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