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| pathogen transport |
-direct contact (sneezing, coughing)
-indirect contact
-vehicles (soil, water)
-living organisms (humans, insects)
-fomites (inanimate objects) |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 05:39:52 GMT |
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| virulence |
-degree of pathogenicity
-determines by:
-invasiveness (spread otu)
-infectivity (est. focal pt)
-pathogenic potential (how much damage?) |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 05:39:52 GMT |
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| opportunistic pathogen |
-normal until induced to produce disease |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 05:39:52 GMT |
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| primary (frank_ pathogen |
-cuases disease by direct interaction w/ host
- |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 05:39:52 GMT |
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| T cells |
-immune surveillence= destruciton of cancer cells
-production of cytokines (chemical activators of B cells, T cells, and other WBCs) |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 05:39:52 GMT |
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| mononuclear cells |
-macrophages |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 05:39:52 GMT |
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| microbial flora |
-tissues/internal organs free of microbes
-surface tissues extensively colonized
-different microbes occupy distinct parts of body
-normal mivorbes can prevent coonization by pathogens (outcompete) |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 05:39:51 GMT |
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| preventing drug resistance |
-high []
->2 drugs at same time
-use when necessary
-new drugs, baby |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 05:20:44 GMT |
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| superinfeciton |
-development and spread of drug-resistant pathogens
-caused by drug treatmetn
-pseudomonas membrane enterocolotoitis
-killed intestinal flora
-cloitridium diffiuclt to flourish and produce a toxin |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 05:20:44 GMT |
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| origins of drug reistance |
-spontaneous chromosomal mutation
-R plasmids (conjugation, transformation)
-transposons |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 05:20:44 GMT |
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| mechanisms of antibiotic resistance |
-inhibition of uptake or efflux from pathogen
-ex: tetracyclien pumped out by some gene)
-destruciton/inactivation (beta-lactomose): destroys pennecillin
-drug target modification
-resistance |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 05:20:44 GMT |
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| drug effectiveness? |
-microbe access (route, physical barriers like blood clots)
-suspectibility (appropriate drug)
-[] (igher than MIC)
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 05:20:44 GMT |
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| antiviral drugs |
-viral infectiosn depend on hosts' metabolic pathways
-want to disrupt specific phases of life cycle or inhibit virus-specific enzymes
-ex: amantidine (prevents flu) |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 05:20:44 GMT |
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| antifungal drugs |
-fungal cells similar to human cells (not effective)
-low TI
-easier to treat superficial than systemic infections |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 05:20:44 GMT |
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| mechanisms of antibacterial drugs |
-inhibits cell wall synthesis (pencillin)
-high TI b/c no cell wall in animals
-inhibits protein synthesis
-streptomycin, Tetracycline
-can dscriminates b/w bavterial and euk. robosomes
-nucleic acid inhibition
-quinolones
-inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase
Cipro used to treat anthrax
-antimetabolites
-competative inhibators of enzymes
-sulfonamides (inhibit microbial folic acid synthesis)
-high TI if drug targets essential microbial pathway not present in animals |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 05:20:44 GMT |
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| disk diffusion tests |
-disks w/ specific drugs on agar plates
-[] gradient of drug
-diameter of clear zones |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 05:20:44 GMT |
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| Dilution susepticbility assay |
-serial dilutions in broth
-add bacteria
-subculture broth w/o antibiotic |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 05:20:44 GMT |
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| determinign MIC or MLC |
-dilution assays/disk diffusion assays |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:59:01 GMT |
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| MLC |
-lowest [] of drug that will kill pathogen |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:59:01 GMT |
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| MIC (min inhibatory []) |
lowest [] of drug that inhibits pathogen growth (want low MIC) |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:59:01 GMT |
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| Therapeutic Index (TI) |
-ratio of toxic to therapeutic dose
-bigger TI the better
-(lots to kill you, only a little to kill the microbe) |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:59:01 GMT |
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| toxic dose |
-drug level at which drug becomes too toxic for patient (side effects) |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:59:01 GMT |
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| therapeutic dose |
-drug level required for clinical treatment |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:59:01 GMT |
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| narrow spectrum drugs |
-attacks only a few pathogens |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:59:01 GMT |
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| broad spectrum drugs |
-attacks many |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:59:01 GMT |
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| static drugs |
-complete elimination of pathogen requires activity of host defenses
-not effective on immunocompromised patients (need cidal over static) |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:59:01 GMT |
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| antibiotic |
-microbial product that kills/inhibits grwoth of microbes
-many are synthetic derivarives of natural compounds |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:59:01 GMT |
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| Pennicillin |
-Alexander Fleming
-1928
-Florey and Chain demonstrated usefulness in mice |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:59:01 GMT |
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| Paul Ehrlich |
-developed concept of selective toxicity
-magic bullet
-ID'd dyes to treat African sleeping sickness
1904
1910: ID's aresenic compounds to treat syphilis |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:59:01 GMT |
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| selective toxicity |
-chemical toxic to causative agent of disease and harmless to host |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:59:01 GMT |
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| antimicrobial chemotherapy |
-treats diseases w/ chemicals
- |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:59:01 GMT |
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| chemical agetns |
-denature proteins, disrupts cell membranes, oxidizes macromolecules
-phenolize (lysol)
-alcohols (ethanol)
-halogens (iodine, chlorine)
-sterilizing gases (ethylene oxide, kills spores) |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:59:01 GMT |
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| ionizing |
-very penetrating
-doesn't kill viruses
-but kills spores
-uses gamma rays
-poultry, fruit, meat, etc. |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:59:01 GMT |
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| UV |
-DNA damage
-not penetrating
-limited to surface |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:59:01 GMT |
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| radiation |
-UV and ionizing |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:59:01 GMT |
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| filtration |
-good for chemicals/drug
-gases (surgical masks) |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:59:00 GMT |
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| dry heat |
-oxidizes cellular components and denaturizes proteins
-less effective than moist heat (no H2O to hydrolyze rxns)
-not corrosive |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:36:27 GMT |
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| pasteurization |
-below b.p. for short time
eliminates pathogens
-reduces spoiling microbes |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:36:26 GMT |
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| autoclaving |
-ALL killed (even endospores)
-sterilizes
-15psi to get above boiling temps |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:36:26 GMT |
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| boiling |
-does not kill endospores
-does not sterilize, but disinfects |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:36:26 GMT |
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| Decimal reduciton time (D valve) |
-teim required to kill 90% pop at given temp
-influenced by local environment |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:36:26 GMT |
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| heat |
-degrades nucleic acids, proteins
-boiling, autoclaving, pasteurization |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:36:26 GMT |
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| effectiveness of agent |
-pop size
-pop composition (spores)
-antimicrobial agent []
-duration of exposure
-environment |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:36:26 GMT |
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| microbial death |
-exponential
-same fraction eliminated in each time interval |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:36:26 GMT |
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| antimicrobial agents |
-cidal= kills (ampicillin)
-static= inhibits growth (baciliram) |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:52:57 GMT |
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| sanitization |
-reduction of microbes to acceptable levels |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:36:26 GMT |
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| disinfection |
-eliminates most pathogens
-doesnt remove ALL cells, spores
-disinfect untensils
-antiseptics on tissues |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:36:26 GMT |
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| sterilization |
-eliminates ALL |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:36:25 GMT |
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| role of microbes |
-primary producers
-decomposers
-food source
-biogeochemical cycling
-changes soluble.gaseous
produce inhibatory compounds that limit survival of micorbes/plants
-ymbiotic interactions |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:28:32 GMT |
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| consumers |
-use organic matter as food
0humans (3 eat 2) |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:28:32 GMT |
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| decomposers |
-in ecosystem
-mineralization |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:28:32 GMT |
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| primary produciton |
-synthesize organic matter
-from CO2 and other inorganic compounds
-primary producers carry out
-plants, photosynthetic bacteria |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:28:32 GMT |
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| ecosystems |
-self-regulatory units |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:28:32 GMT |
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| microbial mats |
-thick biofilms
-macroscopic
-aquatic
-pond scum
- |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:28:31 GMT |
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| biofilms |
-can't be seen
-layers of microbial cells
-creates micro environment and niches
-plaque, etc. |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:28:31 GMT |
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| metal |
-organisms can modify metals to be more or less toxic |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:28:31 GMT |
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| immobilization |
-incorporation of simple soluble substances into body of organism
- |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:28:31 GMT |
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| mineralization |
-organic matter--> simple inorganic compounds |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:28:31 GMT |
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| biogeochemical cycling of nutrients |
-redox rxns to change characteristic of nutrients
-global level impacts |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:28:31 GMT |
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| competition |
-if 2 populations competing for resources, 1 pop dies |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:19:37 GMT |
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| Ammenalism |
negative effect of one organism on another
-unidirectional
-release of toxic compound (at a distance) |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:19:37 GMT |
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| Parasitism |
-parasites harms/lives at expense of host
-ex: bacteriophage
-host provides food, shelter, etc.
-ex: malaria, lichens |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:19:37 GMT |
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| Predation |
-predator attacks
=prey dies |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:19:37 GMT |
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| Negative symbiosis |
-predation
-parasitism
-ammensalism |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:19:36 GMT |
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| commensalism |
-commensal= organism that benefits
-not directly dependent on metabolism of host
-gets shelter/food from host
-host not hamred/benefits
-ex: mikl spoiling
-fermentation bacteria produce acids for acidophiles
-skin/surface bacteria releases organic compounds used by commensals |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:13:01 GMT |
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| cooperation |
-like mutualism, but not obligatory
-can survive alone, if needed |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:13:00 GMT |
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| rumen |
-one stomach of cow
-contains large, diverse opoulation of microbes |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:13:00 GMT |
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| ruminants |
-animal w/ 4 stomachs |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:13:00 GMT |
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| Cows |
-mutualism
-anaerobic micorbes in cow stomach that hydrolyze cellulose--> give glucose
-glucose fermented to organic acids used by cow
-produce methane/CO2 |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:13:00 GMT |
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| protozoa/termites |
-mutualism
-protozoa have cellulose
-metabolize to acetate
-termites use acetate |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:13:00 GMT |
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| Mustualism |
-benefits both partners
-obligatory relationship
-dependent on each other
-ex: protozoa/termites
-ex: cows |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:13:00 GMT |
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| Positive symbiosis |
-mutualism
-cooperation
-commensalism |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:13:00 GMT |
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| symbiosis |
-relationship b/e 2 or moredissimilar organisms living in close association
-can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral
-most are beneficial or neutral b/w microbes and humans |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:13:00 GMT |
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| micorbial ecology |
micorbes and their environemnt |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:13:00 GMT |
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| microbial interactions |
microbes and other organisms |
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mcs5109 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:13:00 GMT |
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| F plasmid |
yeahhh |
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mcs5109 Mon, 05 May 2008 06:46:21 GMT |
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