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| Calvin Cycle- Energy form ATP and high-energy electrons form NADPH are used to convert 3-carbon molecules into similar 3-carbon molecules |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| Calvin Cycle- carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin cycle form the atmosphere |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| Calvin Cycle- the main products of the calvin cycle are six carbon molecules |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| Why are the reactions of the Calvin cycle also called the light-independant reactions? |
because the Calvin cycle does not require light |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| What does the Calvin cycle use to produce high-energy sugars? |
energy from ATP and NADPH contain to produce high-energy sugars |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| How does ATP synthase produce ATP? |
As it rotates, ATP synthase binds ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| Light Dependant Reactions- Pigments in photosystem I use energy from light to reenergize electrons |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| Light Dependant Reactions- the difference in charges across the thylakoid membrane provides the energy to make ATP |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| Light Dependant Reactions- photosynthesis begins when pigments in photosystem I absorb light |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| Light Dependant Reactions- high-energy electrons move through the elctron transport chain from photosystem I to photosystem II |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| where do the light dependant reactions take place? |
within the thylakoid of the chloroplasts |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| Light Dependant Reactions-they convert NADP+ into NADPH |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| Light Dependant Reactions-they convert oxygen into carbon dioxide |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| Light Dependant Reactions- they produce oxygen gas |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| Light Dependant Reactions-They convert ATP into ADP |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| How does NADP+ become NADPH? |
some of the energy of sunlight can be trapped in chemical form |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| The carrier molecule involved in photosynthesis. |
NADP+ |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| What carrier molecule? |
a compound that can accept a pair of high-energy electrons and transfer them along with most of their energy to another molecule |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| When sunlight excites electrons in chlorphyll, how do the elctrons change? |
the electrons gain a great deal of energy |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| What are the two stages of photosynthesis called? |
light dependant reactions
light independant reactions(Calvin cylcle) |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| The region outside the thylakoid membranes in the chloroplasts in called the _________. |
stroma |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| What is a granum? |
a stack of thylakoids |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| Chloroplasts contain saclike photosynthetic membranes called ______. |
thylakoids |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| The regions of the visible spectrum in which chlorophyll absorbs light very well. |
blue and red |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| What is the principal pigment of plants? |
chlorophyll |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| Plants gather the sun's energy with light-absorbing molecules called__________. |
pigments |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| What does photosynthesis require in addition to water and carbon dioxide? |
light and chlorophyll |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high energy______. |
sugars |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| The overall equation for photosynthesis... |
carbon dioxide + water (light) sugar + oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O (light) C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| What did Jan van Helmont conclude form his experiment? |
concluded that trees gain most of their mass form water |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| What occurs in the process of photosynthesis? |
In the process of photosynthesis, plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates--> sugars and starches |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| Where do the cells get the energy to regenerate ATP? |
ADP and carbohydrates |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| Why is it efficient for cells to keep only a small supply of ATP on hand? |
Is is efficient for cells to keep only a small amount of ATP on hand because it is not very good for storing large amounts of energy over the long term. |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| What are two ways in which cells use the energy provided by ATP? |
active transport
powers movement within the cell |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| For what purpose do the characteristics of ATP make it exceptionally useful to all types of cells? |
exceptionally useful molecule that is used by all types of cells as their basic energy source |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| When is the energy stored in ATP released? |
The energy stored in ATP is released when ATP is converted in ADP and a phosphate group |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| When a cell has energy available, how can it store small amounts of that energy? |
it stores small amounts of that energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP molecules, producing ATP molecules |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| How is ATP different from ADP? |
ADP has two phosphate groups instead of three. |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| What is one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store energy? |
adenosine triphosphate |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| organisms that obtain energy from the food that they eat |
heterotrophs |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| organisms that make their own food |
autotroph |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| Where does the energy of food originally come from? |
the sun |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 03:58:35 GMT |
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| How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration opposite in terms of oxygen? |
In terms of oxygen, photosynthesis releases oxygen in the air and cellular respiration uses that oxygen to release energy from food. |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 02:23:04 GMT |
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| How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration opposite in terms of carbon dioxide? |
In the terms of carbon dioxide, photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite because phtotsynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 02:23:04 GMT |
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| If photosythesis is the process that "deposits" energy in a "savings account" then what is cellular respiration? |
cellular respiration is the process that "withdraws" the energy |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 02:23:04 GMT |
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| Why are aerobic forms of exerscise so beneficial for weight control? |
Your body stores energy in muscle and other tissues in the form of the carbohydrate glycogen. These stores of glycogen are usually enough to last for 15 or 20 minutes of activity. After that, your body begins to break down other stored molecules, including fats for energy. |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 02:23:04 GMT |
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| A runner needs more energy for a longer race. How does the body generate the necessary ATP? |
cellular respiration |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 02:23:04 GMT |
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| Why does a sprinter have an oxygen debt to repay after the race is over? |
A sprinter has an oxygen debt to repay after the race is over because fermentation produces lactic acid as a byproduct. When the race is over, the only way to get rid of lactic aid is in a chemical pathway that requires extra oxygen. |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 02:23:04 GMT |
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| When a runner needs quick energy for a short race, what source can supply enough ATP for about 90 seconds? |
muscle cells producing ATP by lactic acid fermentation |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 02:23:04 GMT |
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| What are the three sources of ATP a human uses at the beginning of a race? |
At the beginning of a race, the body uses ATP already in muscles, new ATP made by lactic and fermentation and cellular respiration. |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 02:23:04 GMT |
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| What are the final waste products of cellular respiration? |
water and carbon dioxide |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 02:23:04 GMT |
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| What happens to the 62 percent of the total energy of glucose that is not used to make ATP molecules? |
released as heat |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 02:23:04 GMT |
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| What is the total number of ATP molecules formed during cellular respiration? |
36 ATP |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 02:23:04 GMT |
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| On average, how many ATP molecules are produced as each pair of high-energy electrons moves down the elctron transport chain? |
3 |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 02:23:04 GMT |
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| What causes the H+ ions in the intermembrane space to move through the channels in the membrane and out into the matrix? |
There is a positive charge inside the intermembrane space and a negative charge in the matrix. The inner membranes of the mitochondria contain protein spheres called ATP synthases. As H+ ions escape thorugh channels into these proteins, the ATP synthases spin. Each time it rotates, the enzyme grabs a low-energy ADP and attaches a phosphate, forming high-energy ATP. |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 02:23:04 GMT |
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| What is the energy of the high-energy electrons used for every time 2 high-energy electrons move down the celctron transport chain? |
Their energy is used to transport hydrogen ions(H+) across the membrane. |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 02:23:04 GMT |
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| Hydrogen serves as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. T or F? |
false |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 02:23:04 GMT |
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| Where does the electron transport chain get the high-energy electrons that are passed down the chain? |
The electron transport chain get the high-energy electrons that are padded down the chain from NADH and FADH |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 02:23:04 GMT |
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| How does the location of the electron transport chain differ in eukaryotes and prokaryotes? |
In eukaryotes, the electron transport chain is composed of a series of carrier proteins that is located in the inner membrane of the mitochondrian. In prokaryotes, the same chain is in the cell membrane. |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 02:23:04 GMT |
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| What is the electron transport chain? |
The electron transport chain uses the high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP. |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 02:23:04 GMT |
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| Why is hte 4-carbon compound generated in the breakdown of citric acid the only permanent compound in the Krebs cycle? |
The 4-csrbon compound is then ready to accept another 2-carbon acetyl group, which starts the cycle all over again. |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 02:23:03 GMT |
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| When electrons join NAD+ and FAD during the Krebs cycle, what do they form? |
NADH and FADH2 |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 02:23:03 GMT |
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| What is the energy tally from 1 molecule of pyruvic acid during the Krebs cycle? |
4NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 molecule of ATP |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 02:23:03 GMT |
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| During the cell extraction part of the Krebs cycle, how many molecules of CO2 are released? |
2 |
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soccerchick138 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 02:23:03 GMT |
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| How is citric acid produced? |
As pyruvic acid enters the motochondrian, a carbon is removed, forming CO2, and electrons are removed, changing NAD to NADH+. Coenzyme A joins the 2-carbon molecule, forming acetyl group to a 4-carbon compound, forming citric acid. |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 11:33:02 GMT |
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| What happens to the carbon dioxide produced in breaking down pyruvic down acid? |
The carbon dioxide is eventually releases into the air. |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 11:33:02 GMT |
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| What happens to each of the 3 carbon atoms in pyruvic acid when it is broken down? |
One carbon atom becomes part of the molecule of carbon dioxide, which is eventually released in the air, and the other two carbon atoms are joined to a compound called coenzyne A to form acetyl-CoA |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 11:33:02 GMT |
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| When does the Krebs cycle begin? |
The Krebs cycle begins when pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis enters the michondria. |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 11:33:02 GMT |
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| Why is the Krebs cycle also known as the citric acid cycle? |
The Krebs cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle because citric acid is the first compound formed in this series of reactions |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 11:33:02 GMT |
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| What happens to pyruvic acid during the Krebs cycle? |
During the Krebs Cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions. |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 11:33:02 GMT |
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| In the presence of oxygen, how is the pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis used? |
In the presence of oxygen, the pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis passes to the second stage of cellular respiration |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 11:33:02 GMT |
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| Because the final stages of cellular respiration require oxygen, they are said to be________. |
aerobic |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 11:33:02 GMT |
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| At the end of glycolysis, how much of the chemical glucose is still unused? |
90% |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 11:33:02 GMT |
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| During rapid exercise, how doyour muscle cells produce ATP? |
During rapid exercise, your muscle cells produce ATP by lactic acid fermentation |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 11:33:02 GMT |
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| What is the equation for lactic acid fermentation after glycolysis? |
pyruvic acid + NADH-------> lactic acid + NADH+ |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 11:33:02 GMT |
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| What does lactic acid fermentation convert into lactic acid? |
pyruvic acid |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 11:33:02 GMT |
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| What happens to the small amount of alcohol produced in alcoholic fermentation during the baking of bread? |
evaporates when the bread is baked |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 11:33:02 GMT |
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| What is the equation for alcoholic fermentation after glycolysis? |
pyruvic acid + NADH------> alcohol + CO2 + NAD+ |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 11:33:02 GMT |
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| What organisms use alcoholic fermentation? |
yeasts and a few other microorganisms |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 11:33:02 GMT |
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| What are the two main types of fermentation? |
alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 11:33:02 GMT |
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| Because fermentation does not require oxygen, it is said to be___________. |
anaerobic |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 11:33:02 GMT |
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| How does fermentation allow glycolosis to continue? |
Fermentation allows glycolosis to continue by keeping a steady supply of ATP. |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 01:41:09 GMT |
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| What is fermentation? |
Fermentation releases energy form food molecules in the absence of oxygen. |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 01:41:09 GMT |
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| What problem does a cell have when it generates large amounts of ATP from glycolosis? |
When a cell generates large amounts of ATP from glycolosis, all of the cell's available NAD+ molecules are filled up with electrons. Without NAD+, the cell cannot keep glycolosis going, and ATP productions stops. |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 01:41:09 GMT |
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| Why can glycolosis supply energy to cells when oxygen is not present? |
Glycolosis can supply energy to cells when oxygen is not available becuase glycosis itself does not require energy |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 01:41:09 GMT |
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| What is the function of NAD+ in glycolosis? |
The function of NAD+ in glycolosis if to accept a pair of high-energy electrons. This molecule, known as NADH, holds the electrons until they can be transferred to other molecules. By doing this, NAD+ helps to pass energy form glucose to toher pathways in the cell |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 01:41:09 GMT |
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| What is NAD+? |
NAD+ is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 01:41:09 GMT |
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| If the cell uses 2 ATP molecules at the beginning of glycolosis, how does it end up with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules? |
If the cell uses 2 ATP molecules at the beginning of glycolosis, it ends up with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules because 4 ATP molecules are produced. |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 01:41:09 GMT |
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| How does the cell get glycolosis going? |
the cell gets glycolosis going by putting in a little bit of energy. |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 01:41:09 GMT |
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| What is glycolosis? |
Glycolosis is the process inwhich one molecule of glucose is broken down in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid,and a 3-carbon compound. |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 01:41:09 GMT |
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| Where do the Krebs cycle and electron transport take place? |
The krebs cycle and electron transport take place inside the mitochondria. |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 01:41:09 GMT |
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| Where does glcolysis take place? |
Glycolosis takes place in the cytoplasm |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 01:41:09 GMT |
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| What would be the problem if cellular respiration took place in just one step? |
If cellular respiration took place in one step, all of the energy form the glucose would be released at once, and most of it would be lost in the form of light and heat. |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 01:41:09 GMT |
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| What is the equation for cellular respiration? |
oxygen + glucose------->carbon dioxide + water + energy |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 01:41:09 GMT |
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| What is cellular respiration? |
Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen. |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 01:41:09 GMT |
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| Glycosis releases a great amount of energy. T or F? |
false |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 01:41:09 GMT |
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| Cellular respiration begins with a pathway called___________. |
glycosis |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 01:41:09 GMT |
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| How many calories make up 1 Calorie? |
1000 |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 01:41:09 GMT |
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| What is a calorie? |
A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 Celsius degree. |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 01:41:09 GMT |
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| What is the organism called that makes its own food? |
autotroph |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 01:41:09 GMT |
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| What is one of the principle chemical compounds that living things use to store energy? |
adenosine triphosphate |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 01:41:09 GMT |
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| What is the organism called that obtains evergy from the food it consumes? |
heterotroph |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 01:41:09 GMT |
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| What is the region called where the calvin cycle taked place? |
stroma |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 01:41:09 GMT |
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| What are the reactions of the first stage of photosynthesis called> |
light-dependant reactions |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 01:41:09 GMT |
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| What is the stage of photosynthesis called in which plants use the energy the energy that the ATP adn NADPH contain to build high-energy sugars> |
Calvin Cycle |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 01:41:09 GMT |
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| What is the process calle dby which plants use the sun's energy to make high-energy sugars? |
photosynthesis |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 01:41:09 GMT |
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| Increasing the intensity of light decreases the rate of reproduction. T or F? |
false |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 01:41:09 GMT |
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| What are the three factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs? |
shortage of water
temperature
intensity of light |
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soccerchick138 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 01:41:08 GMT |
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