| front |
back |
revisions |
lasted changed by |
history |
| pluralist democracy |
society in which members of diverse groups continue to
participate in their traditional cultures and special interests |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:36 GMT |
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| civil society |
involves presence of a network of voluntary organizations,
business organizations, pressure groups, and cultural traditions that operate
independently of the state and its political institutions; essential for pluralist
democracy, soviet state did not tolerate this |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:36 GMT |
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| near abroad |
former components of soviet union particularly those countries
that contain a large number of ethnic Russians |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:36 GMT |
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| territorial production complexes |
regional groupings of production facilities
based on local resources that were suited to clusters of interdependent
industries: petrochemical complexes, for example or iron-and-steel complexes |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:36 GMT |
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| communist council for mutual economic assistance (COMECON) |
established to
reorganize eastern European economies in the Stalinist mold with individual
members each pursuing independent centralized plans for economic self-
sufficiency |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:36 GMT |
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| mikrorayon |
neighborhood-scale planning unit of the soviet era
*1947 stalin nationalized all means of production |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:36 GMT |
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| silk road |
collective name given to a network of overland trade routes that
connected china with Mediterranean Europe facilitating the exchange of silk,
spices, porcelain from the east and gold, precious stones, and venetian glad
from the west |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:36 GMT |
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| taiga |
originally referred to trackless or virgin forest, now describes entire zone
of boreal coniferous forest that stretches from gulf of finland to Kamchatka
peninsula |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:36 GMT |
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| permafrost |
when subsoil is permanently frozen (Siberia) |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:36 GMT |
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| 2nd core straddles alps |
runs from Frankfurt through struttgart, zurich,
munich, Milan, turin, and northern Italy |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:36 GMT |
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| golden triangle |
major core of Europe, centered in area between London, paris,
and berlin |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:36 GMT |
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| maastricht treaty |
gave eu most of major functions of sovereign national
state; creation of single currency, coordination of economic policies,
redistribution of wealth among regions, management of a common external
policy covering foreign relations and defense |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:36 GMT |
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| deindustrialization |
relative decline (maybe absolute decline) in industrial
employment in core regions as firms scale back their activities in response to
lower levels of profitability |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:36 GMT |
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| disinvestment |
selling off assets such as factories and equipment; occurs
wherever the differential in profitability has been large enough, takes place in
less profitable industries and regions |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:36 GMT |
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| enclaves |
culturally distinct territories that are surrounded by the territory
of a different cultural group |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:36 GMT |
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| balkanization |
any situation in which a large territory is broken into
smaller units and especially where territorial jealousies give rise to hostility;
repeated fragmentation and reorganization of ethnic groups into separate states
within region gave name |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:36 GMT |
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| modernity |
emphasized innovation over tradition, rationality over mysticism,
and utopianism over fatalism |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:36 GMT |
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| fascism |
entralized autocratic government and values nation and race over the
individual; caused migration as well as industrialization |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:36 GMT |
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| egalitarian society |
based on belief in equal social, political, and economic
rights and privileges; soviet union, system-built apartment blocks |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:36 GMT |
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| agglomeration economies |
the cost advantages that accrue to individual firms
because of their location among functionally related activities |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| COMECON |
established to reorganize eastern European countries in the soviet
mold; proved unsuccessful, Albania withdrew from soviet union to pursue more
Chinese like socialism, Yugoslavia expelled because of differences over
interpretation of socialism |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| command economies |
every aspect of economic production and distribution is
controlled centrally by government agencies; soviet union and satellites |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| buffer zone |
group of small less powerful countries situated between larger
more powerful ones that are geopolitical rivals; Russia and western Europe |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| merchant capitalism |
capitalism characterized by trade in commodities and a
highly organized system of banking, credit, stock, and insurance services;
Europe in 15th century |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| feudal systems |
regional hierarchies composed at the bottom of local nobles
and at the top of lords or monarchs owning immense stretches of land;
landowners delegated smaller parcels of land to others in return for political
allegiance and economic obligations in the form of money dues or labor |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| polder |
area of low land reclaimed from a body of water by building dikes
and draining the water |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| heathlands |
open land with coarse soil and poor drainage; drainage
schemes and resettlement |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| minifundia |
land that didn’t belong to latifundia that was subdivided by
independent peasant farmers into very small intensively cultivated lots |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| latifundia |
huge estates carved out by successive conquerors (phoechians,
Greeks, etc.) where they sent peasants to work |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| steppe |
semiarid, treeless, grassland plains with landscapes that are
monotonous |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| loess |
fine grained, fertile soil |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| moraine |
accumulation of rock and soil carried forward by a glacier and
eventually deposited at its frontal edge or along its sides |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| fjords |
steep-sided, narrow inlet of the sea formed when deeply glaciated
valleys are flooded by the seas |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| physiographic regions |
characterized by broad coherence of geology, relief,
landforms, soils, and vegetation |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| satellite states |
national state that is economically dependent and politically
and militarily subservient to another |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| state socialism |
form of economy based on principles of collective ownership
and administrations of the means of production and distribution of goods
dominated and directed by state bureaucracies (iron curtain) |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| sustainable development |
vision of development that seeks balance among
economic growth, environmental impacts, and social equity |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| structural adjustment policies |
require govs to cut budgets and liberalize
trade in return for debt relief |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| International monetary fund (IMF) |
provides loans to govs through world if they
submit to IMF conditions |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| modernization theory |
economic development occurs when investment rates
that enable higher levels of industrialization, thus raising labor productivity and
increasing the gdp per capita |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| development theory |
analysis of social changes that affect the economic
progress of individual countries; rationale whereby postwar world became more
integrated, replicate prosperity of core in periphery through industrialization
and modernization |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| neocolonialism |
economic and political strategies by which powerful states in
core economies indirectly maintain or extend their influence over other areas or
people |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| imperialism |
extension of power of a state through the direct or
indirect control of the economic and political life of other territories |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| hegemony |
domination over the world economy exercise through combo
of economic, military, financial, and cultural means by one national state in a
particular historical epoch; can lead to imperial overstretc |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| leadership cycles |
periods of international power established by individual
states through economic, political, and military competition |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| nationalism |
feeling of belonging to a nation as well as the belief that
a nation has a natural right to determine its own affairs |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| dispora |
spatial dispersion of a previously homogenous group
-nation-state=ideal form consisting of a homogenous group of people
governed by their own state |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| national identities, constructing states |
increasing political signifigance of national population unified around
a strong state |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| mercantilism |
economic policy prevailing in Europe during 16th, 17th,
18th centuries, based on idea that gov should control industry and trade;
primary factors playing a role in organizing and consolidating the core |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| semiperipheral regions |
able to exploit periphery but are exploited by
core; mostly countries that were once peripheral |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| peripheral regions |
characterized by dependent and disadvantageous
trading relationships by inadequate or obsolete technologies and by
undeveloped or narrowly specialized economies with low levels of productivity |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| core regions |
dominate trade, control the most advanced technologies,
have high levels of productivity within diversified economies; high per capita
incomes,success depends on dominance and exploitation of other regions,
which depends on participation of regions within world-system |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| structural relationship among places and regions emerged |
3 tiers: core,
semiperipheral, peripheral |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| communism |
form of economic and social organization characterized by
common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| capitalism |
form of economic and social organization characterized by the
profit motive and the control of the means of production, distribution, and
exchange of goods by private ownership; most countries became involved to
some extent in interdependence of capitalist system |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| world system |
nterdependent system of countries linked by political and
economic competition (hyphenated to emphasize interdependence of places and
regions around the world) |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| biodiversity |
the differences in the types and numbers of species in
different regions of the world |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| biogeography |
the spatial distribution of plants animals and ecosystems |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| biomes |
ecosystems grouped in to larger classifications defined by major
vegetation type (desert, tundra, etc.); largest geographic biotic units |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| weathering |
heat and the characteristics of water or rocks cause
chemical changed and breakdown of great mountain ranges |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| erosion |
occurs when water and wind move across the land surface
picking up material and transporting it to other locations |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| geomorphology |
study of landforms in geography; includes erosion,
weathering, sedimentation, etc. |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| continental drift |
the slow movement of the continents over long
periods of time across earth’s surface (Wegener, Pangea) |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| plate tectonics |
theory explaining how earth’s crust is divided into large
solid plates that move relative to each other and cause mountain building,
volcanic and earthquake activity when they separate or meet |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| earth system science |
an integrated approach to global patterns of geology,
climate, and ecosystems and how they have changed over time and space
producing a physical geography that is dynamically shaped by both natural
forces and human actions |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| gender |
the social differences between men and women rather than the
anatomical differences related to sex
-gender equality factor in indicators of north-south economic
development patterns |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| spatial justice |
the fairness of geographic variations in people’s levels of
affluence and well-being, given people’s needs and their contributions to the
production of wealth and social well-being |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| gross national product |
the net value of income from abroad; ex. Flows of
profits or losses from overseas investments |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| gross domestic product (GDP) |
an estimate of the total value of all materials,
foodstuffs, goods, and services produced by a country in a particular year
-to standardize for various sizes, divided by population which yields per
capita GDP |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| quaternary economic activities |
handling and processing knowledge and
information (education r&d, etc.) |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| tertiary economic activities |
sale and exchange of goods and services
(warehousing, retail stores, personal or commercial services) |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| secondary economic activities |
concerned with manufacturing and processing;
packaging manufactured goods or doing stuff with raw materials (steelmaking,
food processing, furniture making, etc) |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| primary economic activities |
concerned directly with natural resources of any
kind (agriculture, mining, fishing, forestry) |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| technology systems |
clusters of interrelated energy technologies,
transportation technologies, and production technologies, that dominate
economic activities for several decades at a time until a new cluster of improved
technologies evolve |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| *Jihad vs. McWorld |
mcworld=pop culture and shallow materialism attributed to western
capitalism and modernization
-jihad=cultural values underpinned by religious fundamentalism,
traditional tribal allegiances, and opposition to western materialism
-neither conducive the healthy democracy or civil society while tensions
between two create potentially volatile situations |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| demographic transition |
a model of population change when high birth and
death rates are replaced by low birth and death rates
-transitional phase experiences rapid growth; decline in mortality while
fertility remains the same |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| negative view |
only agenda of wealthy countries and transnational
corporations, westernization ruining other cultures |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| positive view of globalization |
less conflict, open markets and free trade will
spread prosperity |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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| neoliberal policies |
economic policies that are predicated on a minimalist role
for the state, assuming the desirability of free markets as the ideal condition
not only for economic organization but also for political and social life |
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peckhamb Mon, 09 Feb 2009 19:45:35 GMT |
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