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| Granger Laws |
a series of laws passed in western states of the United States after the American Civil War to regulate grain elevator and railroad freight rates and rebates and to address long- and short-haul discrimination and other railroad abuses against farmers. When several Granger laws were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, the federal Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 was passed to secure the same reforms. The Granger laws were so called because they were passed in response to the Grange movement. The granger laws were started by the Farmers Alliances that brought about anti-Railroad pools and rebates |
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victory_joi Thu, 22 Jan 2009 15:36:12 GMT |
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| spoils system |
When a political party comes to power, its leaders tend to place many of their faithful followers into important public offices. The use of public offices as rewards for political party work |
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victory_joi Thu, 22 Jan 2009 15:36:12 GMT |
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| Knights of Labor |
An eight-hour work day
Termination of child labor
Termination of the convict contract labor system (the concern was not for the prisoners; the Knights opposed competition from this cheap source of labor)
Establishment of cooperatives to replace the traditional wage system and help tame capitalism's excesses
Equal pay for equal work
Government ownership of telegraph facilities and the railroads
A public land policy designed to aid settlers and not speculators
A graduated income tax. |
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victory_joi Thu, 22 Jan 2009 15:16:32 GMT |
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| Rockefeller |
Monopolization — Rockefeller is remembered for buying up all of the components needed for the manufacture of oil barrels in order to prohibit his competitors from getting their product on the market
Rate Wars — the giant Standard Oil was able to withstand short term losses by cutting the price of oil; smaller competitors could not keep pace and either went out of business or sold out to Rockefeller
Rebates — Rockefeller was able to demand a refund on public rates offered by the railroads; the carriers agreed to this practice because of Standard's immense volume
Intimidation — on more than one occasion Standard dispatched thugs to break up competitors' operations that could not otherwise be controlled |
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victory_joi Thu, 22 Jan 2009 15:16:32 GMT |
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| Carnegie |
his business enterprises present a classic illustration of vertical integration. He sought to become immune from competition by dominating all aspects of the production process. He was not content to own only the steel mills, but worked to control iron ore barges, coal and iron fields and the railroads. Whenever possible, he would sell his product directly to the user, bypassing the middleman and his fees. |
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victory_joi Thu, 22 Jan 2009 15:16:32 GMT |
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| black codes |
Race was defined by blood; the presence of any amount of black blood made one black
Employment was required of all freedmen; violators faced vagrancy charges
Freedmen could not assemble without the presence of a white person
Freedmen were assumed to be agricultural workers and their duties and hours were tightly regulated
Freedmen were not to be taught to read or write
Public facilities were segregated
Violators of these laws were subject to being whipped or branded |
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victory_joi Thu, 22 Jan 2009 15:16:32 GMT |
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| radical republicans |
The postwar Radical Republicans were motivated by three main factors:
Revenge — a desire among some to punish the South for causing the war
Concern for the freedmen — some believed that the federal government had a role to play in the transition of freedmen from slavery to freedom
Political concerns — the Radicals wanted to keep the Republican Party in power in both the North and the South.
On the political front, the Republicans wanted to maintain their wartime agenda, which included support for:
Protective tariffs
Pro-business national banking system
Liberal land policies for settlers
Federal aid for railroad development |
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victory_joi Thu, 22 Jan 2009 14:58:30 GMT |
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| Compromise of 1877 |
Under the terms of this agreement, the Democrats agreed to accept the Republican presidential electors (thus assuring that Rutherford B. Hayes would become the next president), provided the Republicans would agree to the following:
To withdraw federal soldiers from their remaining positions in the South
To enact federal legislation that would spur industrialization in the South
To appoint Democrats to patronage positions in the South
To appoint a Democrat to the president’s cabinet. |
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victory_joi Thu, 22 Jan 2009 14:58:30 GMT |
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| fifteenth amendment |
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. |
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victory_joi Thu, 22 Jan 2009 14:58:30 GMT |
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| fourteenth amendment |
All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. |
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victory_joi Thu, 22 Jan 2009 14:58:30 GMT |
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| thirteenth amendment |
officially abolishes slavery and involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime. |
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victory_joi Thu, 22 Jan 2009 14:38:00 GMT |
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