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| Crittenden compromise |
unsuccessful proposal by Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden to resolve the U.S. secession crisis of 1860–1861 by addressing the concerns that led the states in the Deep South of the United States to contemplate secession. |
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| election of 1860 |
Abraham Lincoln
John C. Breckinridge
John Bell |
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| Harpers Ferry raid |
abolitionist John Brown and several followers seized the United States Armory and Arsenal at Harpers Ferry. The actions of Brown's men brought national attention to the emotional divisions concerning slavery. |
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| Freeport Doctrine |
incoln tried to force Douglas to choose between the principle of popular sovereignty proposed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the United States Supreme Court case of Dred Scott v. Sandford, which stated that slavery could not legally be excluded from the territories |
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| Roger Taney |
He is most remembered for delivering the majority opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford, |
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| Dred Scott v. Sandford |
was a decision by the United States Supreme Court that ruled that people of African descent imported into the United States and held as slaves, or their descendants[2]—whether or not they were slaves—could never be citizens of the United States, and that the United States Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories. |
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| Lecompton constitution |
Lecompton Constitution, a proposed constitution under which the Territory of Kansas would have entered the Union as a slave state. The constitution was drawn up at Lecompton, the territorial capital, in 1857. After much controversy it was rejected by Congress. |
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| James Buchanan |
he held that secession was illegal but that going to war to stop it was also illegal and hence remained inactive. His inability to avert the Civil War has subsequently been assessed as the worst single failure by any President of the United States. |
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| John C. Fremont |
led a military expedition of 300 men to capture Santa Barbara, California, during the Mexican-American War |
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| Know Nothing party |
Irish Catholic immigrants, who were often regarded as hostile to U.S. values |
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| Kansas Nebraska Act |
repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries. The initial purpose of the Kansas-Nebraska Act was to create opportunities for a Mideastern Transcontinental Railroad. |
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| Franklin Pierce |
Pierce took part in the Mexican-American War and became a brigadier general |
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George Fitzhug
sociology of the South |
He was a leading pro-slavery intellectual and spoke for many of the Southern plantation owners. |
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Hinton R. Helper
impending crisis of the south |
argued that slavery hurt the economic prospects of non-slaveholders, and was an impediment to the growth of the entire region of the South. |
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| Stephen A. Douglas |
He was largely responsible for the Compromise of 1850 that apparently settled slavery issues. However, in 1854 he reopened the slavery question by the highly controversial Kansas-Nebraska Act that allowed the people of the new territories to decide for themselves whether or not to have slavery (which had been prohibited by earlier compromises). The protest movement against this became the Republican Party.
Douglas supported the Dred Scott Supreme Court decision of 1857, and denied that it was part of a Southern plot to introduce slavery in the Northern states; |
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| Compromise of 1850 |
The Compromise of 1850 was a series of bills aimed at resolving the territorial and slavery controversies arising from the Mexican-American War (1846–1848). There were five laws which balanced the interests of the slave states of the South and the free states to the north. California was admitted as a free state; Texas received financial compensation for relinquishing claim to lands west of the Rio Grande in what is now New Mexico; the Territory of New Mexico (including present-day Arizona and a portion of southern Nevada) was organized without any specific prohibition of slavery; the slave trade (but not slavery itself) was terminated in the District of Columbia; and the stringent Fugitive Slave Law was passed, requiring all U.S. citizens to assist in the return of runaway slaves regardless of the legality of slavery in the specific states. |
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| Zachary Taylor |
American military leader and the twelfth President of the United States |
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| Lewis Cass |
Cass served as a governor of the Michigan Territory, an American ambassador, and a U.S. Senator representing Michigan. He was the nominee of the Democratic Party for President of the United States in 1848. |
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| popular sovereignty |
people's vote |
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| free soil movement |
The Free-Soil movement and the third political party that spawned it greatly influenced U.S. politics during the 1850s. The movement's chief issue was their opposition to the extension of slavery in the western territories, and the Free-Soil party attracted enough votes to swing the 1848 presidential election to Whig candidate Zachary Taylor. The Republican party, formed in 1854, retained many of the Free-Soil party's ideals and political viewpoints.
Basically the Free-Soil Movement was when the Free-Soil Party was popular. |
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William S. Mount
Thomas Cole |
painters |
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| George Caleb Bingham |
was an American artist, whose work depicted his view of American life in the frontier lands along the Missouri River. |
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| Horace Greeley |
American editor of a leading newspaper, a founder of the Liberal Republican Party, |
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| joseph henry noyes; oneida community |
sharing possessions and living in unity |
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| robert owen; new harmony |
individual's character was shaped by his or her environment. Owen therefore believed that by controlling the environment, superior character could be developed whi ch would result in a new utopian social order. |
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| shakers |
Both groups believed that everybody could find God within him or herself, rather than through clergy or rituals, but the Shakers tended to be more emotional and demonstrative in their worship. Shakers also believed that their lives should be dedicated to pursuing perfection and continuously confessing their sins and attempting to stop sinning. |
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| joseph smith; bringham young |
leaders of mormons |
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| Margaret Fuller |
women's rights activist associated with the American transcendental |
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| Brook Farm; George Ripley |
George Ripley founded and created Brook Farm, but before the formation of the community, |
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| Timothy Dwight |
theologian |
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| 2nd Great Awakening |
second great religious revival in United States history and consisted of renewed personal salvation experienced in revival meetings |
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| antebellum period |
"pre-Civil War," in reference to the period of increasing sectionalism that led up to the American Civil War. In that sense, the Antebellum Period is often considered to have begun with the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1855 |
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