| front |
back |
revisions |
lasted changed by |
history |
| functional fixedness |
-tendency to think of objects of only having function for which they are designed |
0 |
akp418806 Wed, 27 Feb 2008 01:19:49 GMT |
 |
| algorithm |
-a problem solving strategy guaranteed to produce a solution even if the user does not know how it works |
0 |
akp418806 Wed, 27 Feb 2008 01:19:22 GMT |
|
| concept |
-a mental category that groups objects, relations activities, abstractions, or qualities having common properties |
0 |
akp418806 Wed, 27 Feb 2008 01:18:06 GMT |
|
| natural concept |
-don't have sharp defining boundaries
-example: love |
0 |
akp418806 Wed, 27 Feb 2008 01:16:38 GMT |
|
| artificial concept |
-has defining qualities
-example: square |
0 |
akp418806 Wed, 27 Feb 2008 01:13:41 GMT |
|
| taste aversion |
-can happen with 1 trial
-not immediate response |
0 |
akp418806 Wed, 27 Feb 2008 01:11:55 GMT |
|
| metal set |
-tendency to try solve new problems by using the same heuristics, strategies, and rules that worked in the past on similar problems
-example: finding patterns in events |
1 |
akp418806 Wed, 27 Feb 2008 01:15:59 GMT |
|
| heuristic |
-a rule of thumb that suggests a course of action of guides problem solving but does not guarantee an optimal solution |
0 |
akp418806 Wed, 27 Feb 2008 01:07:23 GMT |
|
| prototype |
-an especially representative example of a concept |
0 |
akp418806 Wed, 27 Feb 2008 01:06:28 GMT |
|
| hypnosis |
-procedure in which the practitioner suggests changes in the sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behavior of the subject
-responsiveness depends more on the efforts and qualities of person being hypnotized
-hypnotized ppl cannot be forced to do things against their will
-feats performed under hypnosis can be performed by motivated ppl w/o hypnosis
-does not increase accuracy of memory
-used effectively for medical purposes |
0 |
akp418806 Wed, 27 Feb 2008 01:04:14 GMT |
|
| meditation |
-through alpha waves
-need mental device to focus on |
0 |
akp418806 Wed, 27 Feb 2008 01:04:14 GMT |
|
| states of consciousness |
-conscious: whats happening at the moment
-preconscious: material that is accessible (stored in file)
-unconscious: regions in mind that aren't accessible
-incubation: sleeping on it (during REM)
-insight: solution of prob comes to you without even thinking about it |
0 |
akp418806 Wed, 27 Feb 2008 00:31:34 GMT |
|
| activation-synthesis theory |
-theory that dreaming results from the cortical synthesis and interpretation of neural signals triggered by activity in the lower part of the brain
-brain highly active during dreaming and activated in sending signals to random parts of brain |
1 |
akp418806 Wed, 27 Feb 2008 01:34:34 GMT |
|
| physiological theories of dreaming |
-dreams as unconscious wishes: Frued believed dreams provide insights to desires through symbolism
-dreams as efforts to deal with problems: dreams are more likely to contain material related to a person's current concerns and opportunity to resolve them
-dreams as thinking: emphasizes current concerns but makes no claims about problem solving |
0 |
akp418806 Wed, 27 Feb 2008 00:19:18 GMT |
|
| information process in REM |
-improvement in memory
-enhances problem solving |
0 |
akp418806 Wed, 27 Feb 2008 00:14:24 GMT |
|
| REM rebound |
-if sleep deprived, fall into REM faster and stay longer in REM |
0 |
akp418806 Wed, 27 Feb 2008 00:12:02 GMT |
|
| Rapid Eye Movement (REM) |
-brain extremely active while body inactive
-paradoxical state |
0 |
akp418806 Wed, 27 Feb 2008 00:12:02 GMT |
|
| stages of sleep |
stage 1: brain waves become small and irregular
stage 2: brain emits occasional short bursts of high peaking sleep spindle waves
stage 3:brain emits delta waves, slow waves with high peaks, breathing and pulse slowed down
stage 4: deep sleep, likely to sleepwalk |
0 |
akp418806 Wed, 27 Feb 2008 00:07:41 GMT |
|
| social learning |
1. amount of exposure to model (more likely to imitate if around it often)
2. is model reinforced? (yes, then vicarious reinforcement)
3. perceived similarity (more likely to imitate someone who you believe is similar to yourself) |
0 |
akp418806 Tue, 26 Feb 2008 23:56:41 GMT |
|
| observational learning |
-process in which an individual learns news responses by observing the behavior of another rather than through direct experience |
0 |
akp418806 Tue, 26 Feb 2008 23:55:03 GMT |
|
| secondary reinforcers |
-stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through association with other reinforcers |
0 |
akp418806 Tue, 26 Feb 2008 23:53:14 GMT |
|
| -discriminative stimulus |
-a stimulus that signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequences |
0 |
akp418806 Tue, 26 Feb 2008 23:50:38 GMT |
|
| timeout |
-timeout from reinforcement
-intended to have same effect as punishment
-remove from opportunity of reinforcement |
0 |
akp418806 Tue, 26 Feb 2008 23:50:38 GMT |
|
| negative reinforcement |
-response is followed by the removal, delay, or decrease in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus; as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur
-something pleasant may be removed
-NOT punishment |
1 |
akp418806 Tue, 26 Feb 2008 23:44:14 GMT |
|
| positive reinforcement |
-response is followed by the presentation of, or increase in intensity of, a reinforcing stimulus; as a result the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur
-something unpleasant may occur following some behavior |
0 |
akp418806 Tue, 26 Feb 2008 23:41:36 GMT |
|
| opponent process |
-conditioned response is opposite from unconditioned response
-conditioned response is opposite because brain sets up to protect from drugs
-withdrawal and tolerance |
0 |
akp418806 Tue, 26 Feb 2008 23:41:36 GMT |
|
| extinction |
-the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response
-in classical conditioning, it occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus
-in operant conditioning it occurs when a response is no longer followed by a reinforcer |
0 |
akp418806 Tue, 26 Feb 2008 23:41:36 GMT |
|
| operant conditioning |
-process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences
-law of affect: behaviors that are followed by pleasant state of affairs tend to increase in frequency |
1 |
akp418806 Tue, 26 Feb 2008 23:43:43 GMT |
|
| primary reinforcer |
-stimulus that is inherently reinforcing, typically satisfying a physiological need
-example: food, water, light |
0 |
akp418806 Tue, 26 Feb 2008 23:28:52 GMT |
|
| schedules of reinforcement |
-# of responses (ratio schedules)
-timing of responses (interval schedules)
-fixed schedules (fixed ratio, fixed interval)
-variable schedules (variable ratio, variable interval) |
0 |
akp418806 Tue, 26 Feb 2008 23:28:52 GMT |
|
| intermittent (partial) reinforcement |
-a particular response is sometimes but not always reinforced
-once a response has become reliable, it will be more resistant to extinction |
0 |
akp418806 Tue, 26 Feb 2008 23:28:52 GMT |
|
| continuous reinforcement |
-a particular response is always reinforced
-learning is usually most rapid if the response is reinforced each time it occurs |
0 |
akp418806 Tue, 26 Feb 2008 23:17:58 GMT |
|
| negative punishment |
-punishment administered inappropriately
-recipient responds with anxiety, anger or fear
-effectiveness is temporary
-hard to punish immediately
-conveys little information |
0 |
akp418806 Tue, 26 Feb 2008 23:17:58 GMT |
|
| positive punishment |
-should not involve physical abuse
-should be accompanied by what kind of behavior is appropriate
-should be followed by the reinforcement of a desirable behavior |
0 |
akp418806 Tue, 26 Feb 2008 23:17:58 GMT |
|
| shaping |
-operant conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced |
0 |
akp418806 Tue, 26 Feb 2008 23:17:58 GMT |
|
| spontaneous recovery |
-reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction |
0 |
akp418806 Tue, 26 Feb 2008 22:58:09 GMT |
|
| discrimination |
-tendency to respond differently to two or more similar stimuli
-in classical conditioning if occurs when a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus fails to evoke the conditioned response
-in operant conditioning the tendency of a response to occur in the presence of 1 stimulus of other, similar stimuli that differ from it on some dimension |
1 |
akp418806 Tue, 26 Feb 2008 23:48:01 GMT |
|
| generalization |
-after conditioning, the tendency to respond to a stimulus that resembles one involved in the original conditioning; occurs when a stimulus that resembles the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response
-in operant conditioning the tendency for a response that has been reinforced in the presence of 1 stimulus to occur in the presence of other similar stimuli |
1 |
akp418806 Tue, 26 Feb 2008 23:49:12 GMT |
|
| conditioned response (CR) |
-response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it occurs after the conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus |
1 |
akp418806 Tue, 26 Feb 2008 23:13:26 GMT |
|
| conditioned stimulus (CS) |
-initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus |
1 |
akp418806 Tue, 26 Feb 2008 23:13:36 GMT |
|
| unconditioned response (UCR) |
-reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning |
0 |
akp418806 Tue, 26 Feb 2008 22:53:35 GMT |
|
| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
-stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning |
0 |
akp418806 Tue, 26 Feb 2008 22:53:35 GMT |
|
| classical conditioning |
-process by which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response
-Pavlov |
0 |
akp418806 Tue, 26 Feb 2008 22:53:35 GMT |
|
