| front |
back |
revisions |
lasted changed by |
history |
| exubera |
-inhaled insuin powder from Pfizer |
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mcs5109 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 06:09:56 GMT |
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| insulin pumps |
-deliver various forms of insulin w/ computer programmable pump
-constantly infuses insulin and adjusts |
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mcs5109 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 06:09:56 GMT |
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| metaformins |
-(avandia, glucophage)
-drugs that enhance insulin sensitivity in peripheral storage tissue
-take w/ insulin for maximum effectiveness |
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mcs5109 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 06:09:56 GMT |
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| HbA1C test |
-test for glycated Hb, gives a longterm "batting avg" for blood sugar levels
-normal person: 5%
-diabetic as high as 30% |
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mcs5109 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 06:09:56 GMT |
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| androgenital syndrome |
-excessive output of androgens causes mascularization of female
-ambiguous genitals
-pseudohermaphrodism |
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mcs5109 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 03:44:56 GMT |
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| conn's syndrome |
(primary hyperaldosteronism)
-adrenal tumor or oversecretion of aldosterone from zona
-elevated blood pressure
-K+ depletion and muscle weakness |
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mcs5109 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 03:44:56 GMT |
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| addison's disease |
-lack of adrenocortical functions
-anorexia, fatigue, hypoglycemia
-poor stress tolerance
-lack of negative feedback from adrenal hormones on pituitary
-causes hypersecretion of ACTH
-excessive ACTH stimulates melanocytes, causing localized dark skin pigment |
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mcs5109 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 03:42:17 GMT |
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| cushing's syndrome |
-excessive cortisol production
-muscle atrophy
-osteoporosis
-thin skin w/ blood vessels visible
-accumulation of fat in abs
-capillary rupture and straie |
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mcs5109 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 03:42:17 GMT |
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| DHEA replacement |
-as body ages, sex hormone production declines
-anti-aging effects |
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mcs5109 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 03:42:17 GMT |
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| these are converted to testosterone |
androsternedione
DHEA |
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mcs5109 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 03:42:17 GMT |
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| cortisol responses |
-immune system inhibition
-decrease in muscle, bone, CT mass
-glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesi, FFA release
-increased arterial tone (increase BP)
-increase GFR
-anti-inflammatory agents following joint injury |
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mcs5109 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 03:35:03 GMT |
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| adrenal cortex |
endocrine organ essential for life(w/ parathyroid gland)
-mediate stress responses
-3 distinct zones:
1. zona glomerulosa: produces aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid)
2. zona fasiculataa: produces glucocorticoids, cortisol compounds
3. zona reticularis: andorgens and sex hormone precursors; androstenedione; DHEA |
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mcs5109 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 03:35:52 GMT |
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| regulatory and secretory control for adrenal cortex |
CRH from hypothalamus
-stimulates release of ACTH from pituitary
-ACTH stimulates secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex (cortisols and androgens)
-adrenal hormones negatively feed back at the levels of both the pituitary and hypothalamus to shut down ACTH production |
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mcs5109 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 03:34:30 GMT |
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| adrenal gand |
cortex and medulla
cortex:
-mineralocorticoids
-sex steroid hormones
-glucocorticoids
medulla:
-extension of the symapthetic nervous system
-E and NE production/release |
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mcs5109 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 03:34:30 GMT |
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| 1 identified orexin |
-grehlin
-released by hypothalamus and stomach
-stimulates hunger
-releases hormones like gastrin |
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mcs5109 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 03:25:21 GMT |
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| orexins |
-released by hypothalmus in response to low blood sugar and increase appetite
-"hunger"
-anorexia= w/o hunger |
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mcs5109 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 03:25:21 GMT |
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| leptin |
"fat burning" hormone
-linked to satiety |
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mcs5109 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 03:25:21 GMT |
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| levels of insulin and leptin determined by |
amt of adipose tissue
-plasma leptin and insulin feed back to hypothalmus, causing decreased food intake
-stimulates satirety
-increased catabolic pathway activity |
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mcs5109 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 03:22:52 GMT |
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| body weight regulated by,... |
...hypothalamus, neurotransmitters, fat cells, hormones |
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mcs5109 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 03:22:52 GMT |
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| obesity |
BMI
-lbs x 703/ht^2
21-24 healthy
25-29 overweight
30+ obese |
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mcs5109 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 03:22:52 GMT |
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| stem cell treatment |
-pancreatic stem cells injected or transplanted |
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mcs5109 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 03:22:52 GMT |
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| exubera |
-inhaled insuin powder from Pfizer |
0 |
mcs5109 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 03:19:55 GMT |
|
| insulin pumps |
-deliver various forms of insulin w/ computer programmable pump
-constantly infuses insulin and adjusts |
0 |
mcs5109 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 03:19:55 GMT |
|
| metaformins |
-(avandia, glucophage)
-drugs that enhance insulin sensitivity in peripheral storage tissue
-take w/ insulin for maximum effectiveness |
0 |
mcs5109 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 03:19:55 GMT |
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| HbA1C test |
-test for glycated Hb, gives a longterm "batting avg" for blood sugar levels
-normal person: 5%
-diabetic as high as 30% |
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mcs5109 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 03:19:55 GMT |
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| Type II diabetes |
-adult onset
-obesity
-strong genetic component
-insulin resistance: peripheral tissues resistant to insulin
-reduced insulin output by B cells
treatment:
-low fat, low cal diet
-exercise
-can reverse disease
-Sulfonlurea drugs (depolarize B cells, elevate intracellular Ca++, enhance insulin release by B cells) |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 06:08:52 GMT |
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| complications of Type I diabetes |
retinopathy
neuropathy
atherosclerosis |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 06:06:46 GMT |
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| If Type I let untreated... |
high [glucose]
-glucose can't reach tissues w/o insulin
-body burns fats/proteins
-ketoacidosis (acid + dehydration can lead to coma, death) "hyperglycemic coma"
-if inject insulin w/o food,
-hypoglycemic coma
-"insulin shock"
-glucose administration will cure it |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 06:06:46 GMT |
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| Type I diabetes |
-no genetic link
-insulin dependent
-only 10% diabetics
-autoimmune disorder causes antibodies to destroy B cells
-eventually no insulin produced
-Epstein-barr virus?
-treat w/ insulin |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 06:06:46 GMT |
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| glucose tolerance test |
-12 hr fast
-administer glucose
-normal adult: peaks, then returns to normal in 2 hours
-diabetic: resting glucose already high, soars way up, doesn't really come down |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 06:02:41 GMT |
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| can produce insulin deficiency by... |
...pancreatectomy
...Streptozocin (zots out B cells, causes diabetes in 3 days in rats) |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 06:02:41 GMT |
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| insulin deficiency |
1. polyurea (too much urine)
2. polydipsea (have to drink a lot)
3. polyphagia (high blood glucose, but tissues can't access it) |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 06:02:41 GMT |
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| Diabetes Mellitis |
-sweet urine
- |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 06:02:41 GMT |
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| insulin mode of action |
insulin receptors have tyrosine kinase activity
-initiate intracellular cascade
-adds GLUT transporters to cell membrane
-allows glucose entry into the cell
-7 different types of GLUTs |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 05:56:59 GMT |
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| insulin effects |
-increased transport of glucose, AA, K+ into insulin-sensitive areas (muscle, fat, liver)
-anabolic effects
(glycogen synthetase, protein synthesis, increase lipogenic enzymes, inhibit protein breakdown, inhibit gluconeogenic enzymes) |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 05:56:59 GMT |
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| insulin |
-produced by pancreatic B cells
-clip SS bonds to get active form
-binds to receptors
-internalized
-degraded by insulin proteases
-degraded by liver/kidney |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 05:56:59 GMT |
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| non supressible insulin-like activity |
-activity not suppressed by insulin antibodies
-somatomedins (IGF 1, 2) |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 05:46:59 GMT |
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| liver |
-endocrine organ
-stores glucose as glycogen
-generates glucose thru glucose 6 phosphate |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 05:46:59 GMT |
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| pancreas |
-endo and exocrine functions
alpha: secrete glucagon, increase plasma glucose (fasting)
beta: insulin, decrease plasma glucose (feasting)
Delta: somatostatin; inhibits A, B, F
F cells: pancreatic polypeptide; slows food absorption; questionable function |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 05:46:59 GMT |
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| if no Vit D... |
-poor intestinal Ca++ absorption
-rickets or osteomalcia |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 05:30:27 GMT |
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| D3 |
-calcitrol
-1, 25 dihydroxycholecaliferol
-synthesized w/ sun
-fortified in milk
-1st modief in liver
-2nd modified in kidneys
-allows Ca++ absorption by SI
-stimulates Ca++ reabsorption by kidneys
-shuts down PTH release |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 05:30:27 GMT |
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| calcitonin |
-opposite PTH
-produced by parafollicular C cells of thyroid gland
-decreases plasma [Ca++]
-decreases bone reabsorption
-decreases kidney reabsorption |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 05:30:27 GMT |
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| that damn estrogen |
-estrogen tends to decrease PTH
-after monopause, low estrogen, so increased PTH
-increased bone dissolving
-osteoporosis
-treated w/ estrogen replacement therapy |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 05:19:43 GMT |
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| if no PTH... |
-low [Ca++]
-causes increase in Na+ permeability
-hyperexcitable nerves
-hypocalcemic tetany, Trousseau's sign |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 05:19:43 GMT |
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| PTH |
-4 pea-sized parathyroid glands on thyroid
-low [Ca++] causes PTH release
-increase bone reabsorption
-increase Ca++
-increase kidney DCT reabsorption of Ca++
-stimulates Vit D3 production |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 05:19:43 GMT |
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| regulators of body Ca++ |
-parathyroid hormone (PTH)
-calcitonin (CT)
-Vit D3 |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 05:19:43 GMT |
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| osteoclasts |
-mvt of Ca++ out of hydroxyapatite and into ioned Ca++ pool
-dissolve bone
-responds to PHT |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 05:12:27 GMT |
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| osteoblasts |
-Ca++ deposition on bone (calcitonin) |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 05:12:27 GMT |
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| plasma Ca++ |
-regulated in narrow range
-45% bound to albumin
-10% in phosphate/citrate complexes
-45% free, subject to hormonal control |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 05:12:27 GMT |
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| calcium homeostasis |
99% Ca++ found in bone
-in form of hydroxyapatite crystals |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 05:12:27 GMT |
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| exophthalamus |
-bug-eyed appearance
-immune-mediated enlargement of muscles and tissues in eyes
-often in Grave's disease |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 04:38:57 GMT |
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| creatinism |
-hypothyroidism in infants
-deficient TH secretion |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 04:38:57 GMT |
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| goiters |
-enlarged thyroid glands
-caused by either:
hyperthyroidism (overstimulation)
hypo (gland increases in size due to I deficiency, little T3, T4, high TSH stimulates gland) |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 04:38:57 GMT |
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| exopthalamos |
swelling of muscles and fat (autoimmune attack); protruding eyes |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 04:26:51 GMT |
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| Grave's disease |
-autoimmune disease
-antibodies resemble TSH
-stimulate thyroid
-essentially no TRH, high T3, T4 levels
-exopthalamos: swelling of muscles and fat (autoimmune attack); protruding eyes |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 04:26:51 GMT |
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| hypertyroidism |
-symptoms opposite of hypo
-Grave's disease most common form
-treatment:
-drugs that block iodine uptake by follicular cells
-drugs that block iodination
-destruction of thyroid gland
-TH replacement |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 04:26:51 GMT |
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| Hashimoto's disease |
-autoimmune disease
-antibodies attack thyroid gland |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 04:23:55 GMT |
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| hypothyroidism |
-underactive
-I deficiency
-hypothalamus problem (decrease TRH)
-ant. pit. problem (decrease TSH, no response to TRH)
-Hashimoto's disease
-decreased matabolism
-decreased HR, CO, SV
-cold, clammy, lethargic
-decreased nail, bone growth
-raspy voice
-weight gain
in children: cretinism
in adults: myxendema |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 04:23:55 GMT |
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| RT3 |
-also deiodenation product
-biologically inactive |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 04:11:53 GMT |
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| T3 and T4 are usually bound to... |
...Tyroxine binding globuin
-or albummin
-inactive
-lipophilic so limited solubility in plasma
-unbound state active, but small quantity
-constant pool or supply |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 04:11:23 GMT |
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| T3 |
-3 iodines
-lower plasma []
-most biologically active
-most formed from deiodonated T4 |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 04:04:16 GMT |
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| T4 |
-4 iodines
-DIT + DIT
-most biologically active
-most plasma []
-essentially a "pre-hormone"
-de-iodenated to form more active T3 |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 04:04:16 GMT |
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| thyroid gland |
-bilobed
-centered at isthmus
- |
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mcs5109 Tue, 09 Dec 2008 04:04:16 GMT |
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| intermediate pitiuitary lobe |
MSH: melanocyte stimulating hormone
no function in humans
oversecretion causes bronzing of skin |
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mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 22:05:26 GMT |
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| acromegaly |
-oversecretion of GH |
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mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 21:36:05 GMT |
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| somatomedins |
IGF (insulin-like gorwth factors) from liver
-negative feedback on GH secretion
-act on anterior pi. and hypothalamus
-stimulates bone growth
-stimulates cell proliferation |
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mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 21:36:05 GMT |
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| GH |
-insulin-like actions:
muscle: increases aa uptake to grow
liver: increases protein synthesis
-anti-insulin actions:
muscle: decrease glucose uptake
liver: increase gluconeogenesis
fats: increase lypolysis, decrease glucose uptake
nt effect:
increase plasma glucose
increase protein synthesis
triggers somatomedin from liver |
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mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 21:36:05 GMT |
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| ACTH |
adrenal stimulating cortex |
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mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 21:10:14 GMT |
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| TSH |
thyroid stimulating hormone |
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mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 21:10:14 GMT |
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| FSH, LH |
-stimulates gonads |
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mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 21:10:14 GMT |
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| hypophyseal portal system |
to grow beneath |
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mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 20:59:08 GMT |
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| acidophils, basophils |
in anterior pituitary
-produce own hormones |
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mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 20:59:08 GMT |
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| anterior pituitary |
-hypophyseal portal system
-secretes 6 hormones
-secretion regulated by hypothalmus regulatory hormones (CRN, GnRH, RH means "releasing hormone")
-true endocrine gland (acidophil and basophils produce own hormones) |
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mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 21:08:37 GMT |
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| oxytocin |
-stimulates uterine contractions
-administration can trigger labor (not naturally)
-milk ejection
-hugging effect? |
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mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 18:49:56 GMT |
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| diabetes insipidus |
-tasteless urine (no sugar)
-large volumes of dilute urine
1. neurogenic cause: no ADH release
2. nephrgenic cause: failure of tubules to respond to ADH |
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mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 18:49:56 GMT |
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| ADH |
-small peptide (9 aa)
-action modes:
1. increase water reabsortion by DCT, collecting duct; sweat glands and GI tract
2. bind to receptors on smooth muscle; stimulates Ca++ entry and contraction--> vasoconstriction--> increases BP
release dictated by:
1. changes in osmolarity (osmoreceptors shrink to detect 1% change)
2. drop in plasma volume (hemmoraging or bleeding); more powerful response triggered 10-15x more |
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mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 18:49:56 GMT |
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| posterior pituitary gland releases |
1. ADH
2. oxytocin
-both made in hypothalmus |
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mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 18:43:55 GMT |
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| posterior pituitary |
-derived from brain tissue
-supra and paraventricular nuclei in hypothalamus
-secrete hormones, stores in posterior pi.
-ADH, oxytocin |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 18:43:28 GMT |
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| Rathke's Pouch |
-mouth lining that forms anterior pituitary |
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mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 18:43:28 GMT |
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| anterior pituitary |
-derived from mouth lining (Rathke's Pouch)
-synthesis of releasing factor and growth factors
-blood portal syste, |
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mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 18:43:28 GMT |
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| steroid hormone action |
-affects nucleus directly via transcription/translation |
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mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 18:25:22 GMT |
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| peptide/amine hormone action |
1. cAMP
2. IP2/DAG
3. direct membrane Ca++ channel activation |
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mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 18:25:22 GMT |
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| classes of hormones |
1. protein (peptide)
2. amines (neurohormones and thyroxine)
3. steroids |
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mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 18:25:22 GMT |
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| endocrine system |
-cells release messanger substances into blood stream that has action on specific target tissue
-messengers include:
1. hormones
2. nuerohormones
3. prostaglanins |
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mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 18:25:22 GMT |
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