| front |
back |
revisions |
lasted changed by |
history |
| colorectal caner |
occult blood test |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 17:43:10 GMT |
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| hemmeroids |
-varicose veins in anal canal
-itching, throbbing, bleeding
-detroy by burning, cutting, or rubber banding |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 17:43:10 GMT |
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| Hirschsprung's disease |
constriction of LI wall (aganglionic megacolon)
-feces back up |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 17:43:10 GMT |
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| diverticulitis |
diet lacks bulk cusing outward herniation of Haustra wall, can become infected |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 17:43:10 GMT |
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| appendix |
-off cecum (pain in right Iliac region) |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 17:40:47 GMT |
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| mesocolon mesentary |
anchors LI to posterior wall |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 17:40:47 GMT |
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| LI |
-6ft
-larger diameter than SI
-anchored by mesocolon mesentary to posterior wall
-absorbs WATER and ELECTRLYTES
-production of Vit. K, B complex by bacteria
-expulsion of feces by mass peristalsis mvts
-3 parts:
1. cecum
2. colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid)
3. rectum
-tunica mucosa: mostly simple columnar but stratefied squamous at rectum
-tunica muscularis: taenia coli (thickening of longitudinal muscles)
-Haustra: "puckered" pouches that form distension of 1 haustra causes propulsion of contents into next haustra |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 17:40:47 GMT |
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| when the common bile duct meets the pancreatic duct... |
...forms ampulla of vater
-sphincter of Oddi controls release into SI |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 17:40:47 GMT |
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| enzymes of pancreas |
amalyase, trypsin, lipase |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 17:40:47 GMT |
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| pancreas |
-exocrine and endocrine functions
-exocrine: secretion of product into duct, digestive enzymes, alkaline juice
-acinar cells produce pancreatic juice, secreted into pancreatic duct, enters SI
-alkaline juice pH (same CA rxn; HCO3 secreted in lumen (active), active H+ exchange w/ Na+, Na+ secretion into lumen)
-enzymes amalyase, trypsin, lipase
endocrine: regulates blood sugar w/ insuin and glucagon hormones |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 17:40:47 GMT |
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| 3 pairs of salivary glands |
1. sublingual (under the tongue)
2. submandibular (under the jawbone)
3. parotid (near the hinge of the jawbone) |
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mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:52:13 GMT |
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| Auerbach's plexus |
-controls SI mvt |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:44:43 GMT |
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| SI mvt |
-controlled by Auerbach's plexus of ANS
1. segmentation (back and forth mixing of chyme and enzymes; brings digested nutrients into contact w/ villi and microvilli)
2. peristalsis (forward propulsion of chyme along SI)
-also, pumping of villi by muscularis mucosa (meissner's plexus) |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:44:43 GMT |
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| VIP |
decreases smooth muscle motility
-dilation of peripheral vessels
-inhibition of acid secretion |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:42:26 GMT |
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| motilin |
-responsible for MMC (migrating motor complex)
-peristaltic wave from esophagus to large intestines during interdigestive period
-empties stomach |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:42:26 GMT |
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| secretin |
-release due to acid in duodenum
-stimulates bicarbonate release from pancreas to neutralize
-makes intestines basic to shut down its secretion |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:42:26 GMT |
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| CCK-PZ |
-release due to duodenal filling, acid
-esp. protein and fats
-inhibits GI motility
-stimulates gall bladder contraction or bile deivery
-stimulates pancreatic secretion (release of digestive enzymes) |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:42:26 GMT |
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| GIP |
-gastrin inhibitory peptide
-release due to duodenal filling, acid
-inhibits GI motililty, acid production
gives SI time for absorption |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:42:26 GMT |
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| SI hormone production |
GIP
CCKPZ
secretin
motilin
VIP
note: gastrin, CCK, GIP, secretin most important
-some GI hormones also neurotransmitters |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:42:25 GMT |
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| intestinal glands |
-crypts of Leiberkuhn
-intestinal juice (basic pH)
-lysozyme (antibacterial to keep GI flora at bay) |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:42:25 GMT |
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| tunica mucosa |
-specialized for absorption in SI
-3 modifications increase surface area:
1. simple columnar epithelium w/ microvilli
2. arranged in villi
3. plica circularis |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:42:25 GMT |
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| largest portion of alimentary canal |
SI (also does most digestion) |
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mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:28:06 GMT |
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| SI |
-largest portion of alimentary canal
-6ft
-receives most enzymes from pancreas
-emulsification of fats via bile from liver
-absorption of nutrients (capillaries and lacteals
-secrete hormones
basic pH (stomach was acidic)
-3 parts:
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:28:06 GMT |
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| vomiting |
-irritation triggers vomiting center in brain
-saliva stimulation
-squeeze stomach b/w diaphragm and abs
-muscles cause pressure
-open spincters
-can cause metabolic alkalosis |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:28:06 GMT |
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| vagotomy |
Vagotomy is the surgical cutting of the vagus nerve to reduce acid secretion in the stomach
-if ulcer is very bad |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:28:06 GMT |
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| ulcers |
-hypersecretion of acid or lack of mucous protection (acid, alcohol)
-lesser curvature, pyloris, duodenum most vulnerable
-bacteria causes 90%
-used to be treated w/ H2 bockers
omeprazole
vagotomy |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:21:29 GMT |
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| acidity of stomach |
high acidity increases gastrin release
high protein meal buffers acidity
tends to stimulate acid production
empty stomach is highly acidic
inhibits gastrin and acid production |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:21:29 GMT |
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| omeprazole |
blocks H+K+ATPase pump by internally affecting cell |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:21:29 GMT |
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| acid production inhibited by... |
ACh antagonists (atropine)
histamine (H2) blockers
gastrin blockers (weaker) |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:21:29 GMT |
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| pyloric sphincter |
-controls emptying of stomach into duodenum |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:14:37 GMT |
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| tunica muscularis |
3 layers:
1. outer longitudinal
2. middle circular
3. inner oblique |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:14:37 GMT |
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| D cells |
-somatostatin production (also pancreatic D cells)
-acid secretion inhibitor |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:13:41 GMT |
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| enterochromaffin cells |
-histamine production
-acid secretion stimulator |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:13:41 GMT |
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| G cells or APUD |
-(amine precursor uptake decarboxylase)
-gastrin production
-activated by food in stomach
-released in blood
-increased acid secretion by parietal cells
-increased GI motility |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:09:45 GMT |
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| chief cells |
-pepsinogen (w/ acid activated to) pepsin
-pepsin carries our initial protein digestion
-could autolyse cell |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:09:45 GMT |
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| pernicious anemia |
-lack of intrinsic factor
-lack of Vit B12 absorption for RBC production
-can't make RBCs |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:09:45 GMT |
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| parietal cells |
-HCl production
-secrete intrinsic factor (Vit. B12 absorption for RBC production)
-pernicious anemia |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:09:45 GMT |
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| mucous neck cells |
-produces mucous
-protects stomach |
1 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:11:45 GMT |
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| gastric pits |
-stomach glands
-contain specialized cells
-makes chyme
-mucous
-parietal
-chief
-G cells or "APUD"
enterochromaffin
D cells |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:04:22 GMT |
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| mucosa |
secretion: mucous, acid, digestive enzymes
absorption: drugs, water, alcohol, aspirin
folds called rugae in the stomach
simple columnar epithelium
gastric pits |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:04:22 GMT |
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| heart burn |
-reflux of acid at the cardiac spincter |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 04:04:22 GMT |
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| stomach parts |
cardiac: upper portion w/ sphincter
fundus: upper portion
body: greater vs lesser curvature
pyloris: controls emptying into SI |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 03:57:12 GMT |
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| stomach |
-widest part of alimentary canal
-produces enzymes/acids
-distensible/contractable |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 03:57:12 GMT |
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| swallowing |
deglutition |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 03:57:12 GMT |
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| pharnyx/esophagus |
-swallowing center in medulla
-trigeminal, glossopharyngeal, vagus, hypoglossal
-mouth must be closed
-tongue pushes food back
-initially involuntary contraction of pharynx
-inhibition of respiration
-larnyx rises, epiglottis closes glottis
-upper esophaguseal spincter relaxes
-peristalic wave initiated
-lower esophageal sphincters relax
-(liquids via gravity)
-second, painful wave if unsuccessful |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 03:57:12 GMT |
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| parotid gland |
Either of the pair of salivary glands situated below and in front of each ear |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 03:49:18 GMT |
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| mumps virus |
-inflammation of parotid glands
-Either of the pair of salivary glands situated below and in front of each ear |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 03:49:18 GMT |
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| buccal glands |
Any of the mucous glands in the membrane lining the cheeks of mammals, except aquatic forms |
0 |
mcs5109 Mon, 08 Dec 2008 03:49:18 GMT |
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| salivary glands |
-exocrine glands |
0 |
mcs5109 Thu, 04 Dec 2008 05:51:59 GMT |
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| acinar gland |
-secretory epithelium
-in salivary glands |
0 |
mcs5109 Thu, 04 Dec 2008 05:51:59 GMT |
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| salivary glands |
-accessory digestive organs
-produce saliva
-acinar gland
-amalyase
-lipase
-buccal glands
-parotid, submandibular, submaxillary, sublingual |
0 |
mcs5109 Thu, 04 Dec 2008 05:51:59 GMT |
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| short reflex innervation |
-integrated only in enteric nervous system
-local reflexes begin, integrate, and end entirely in GI tract
-stimuli such as hormones, chemicals, distention
-activate exocrine glands along tract
-activates smooth muscle in tract |
0 |
mcs5109 Thu, 04 Dec 2008 05:37:47 GMT |
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| long reflex innervation |
-connects diff regions of the GI tract
-also connects system w/ CNS
-vagus nerve (ACh) is major stimulator in parasympathetic portion of ANS
-serotonin stimulates activation of Meissners/Auerbachs plexus
-splanchnic nerves (sympathetic fibers are inhibitory; use NE, E
-digestive reflexes integrated in the CNS are called long reflexes
-ex: sight/smell of food |
0 |
mcs5109 Thu, 04 Dec 2008 05:37:47 GMT |
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| neural control of digestion |
-sight/smell of food stimulates salivary and gastric secretions
-chemoreceptors in stomach (HCl)
-mechanoreceptors (distention in stomach)
-long reflex innervation
-short reflex innervation |
0 |
mcs5109 Thu, 04 Dec 2008 05:37:47 GMT |
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| diahhrea |
-intestinal secretion of fluid is not balances by absorption, resulting in a watery stool
-normal intestinal water absorption is disrupted |
0 |
mcs5109 Thu, 04 Dec 2008 05:19:00 GMT |
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| MgSO4 |
-body can handle Na+ salts
-stimulates diarrhea
-water loss
-Epsin salts |
0 |
mcs5109 Thu, 04 Dec 2008 05:19:00 GMT |
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| kidney max urine [] |
1200mosmol/L |
0 |
mcs5109 Thu, 04 Dec 2008 05:19:00 GMT |
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| body must excrete |
600mosmol/L in 1 day
-----------------------------
1200 mosmol/L
= 0.5 L urine/day
ex: seawater is 2400 mosmol/L
2400/1200= 2L urine excreted for every 1L seawater ingested |
0 |
mcs5109 Thu, 04 Dec 2008 05:19:00 GMT |
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| max urine flow |
16mL/min
-if water absorbed above this, water intoxication
-swelling of brain, convulsions, coma, death
-also happens if too much ADH administered |
0 |
mcs5109 Thu, 04 Dec 2008 05:19:00 GMT |
|
| water absorption |
-absorbed until isoosmotic w/ plasma |
0 |
mcs5109 Thu, 04 Dec 2008 05:19:00 GMT |
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| daily water balance |
-lots fo volume flux thru GI
-important for BP, kidney function
-inputs:
1200 drinking/food
1500 saliva
2000 stomach
500 bile
1500 pancreas
1500 SI
reabsorption:
8500 SI
350 LI
150 feces |
0 |
mcs5109 Thu, 04 Dec 2008 05:19:00 GMT |
|
| ezetimible |
-binds to NPC1L1 protein on enterocytes and hepatocytes
-this receptor is mediator of dietary absorption
-lower absoprtion rate from diet enhances uptake of serum cholesterol (LDL) by peripheral cells |
0 |
mcs5109 Wed, 03 Dec 2008 05:44:16 GMT |
|
| statins |
-binds to HMG CoA reductase
-reduce cholesterol synthesis by liver
-decreases LDL
-increases HDL |
0 |
mcs5109 Wed, 03 Dec 2008 05:44:16 GMT |
|
| cholestyramine |
-binding resin
-forms insoluble bile/fat complexes that are excreted |
0 |
mcs5109 Wed, 03 Dec 2008 05:44:16 GMT |
|
| treatments for high cholesterol |
-low fat diet w/ moderate alcohol
-cholestyramine
-statins
-ezetimible
-vytorin |
0 |
mcs5109 Wed, 03 Dec 2008 05:44:16 GMT |
|
| at risk cholesterol |
240 and above
LDL > 160
HDL <35 |
0 |
mcs5109 Wed, 03 Dec 2008 05:38:41 GMT |
|
| HDL |
-good
-tends to promote storage of cholesterol, esp in liver |
0 |
mcs5109 Wed, 03 Dec 2008 05:38:41 GMT |
|
| LDL |
-bad
-tends to remain in circulation
-promotes plaque formation |
0 |
mcs5109 Wed, 03 Dec 2008 05:38:40 GMT |
|
| normal cholesterol |
200 mg/dl and below
ideal:
LDL<130
HDL>45 |
0 |
mcs5109 Wed, 03 Dec 2008 05:38:40 GMT |
|
| fat/cholesterol absorption |
-emulsified (H2O soluble) via bile
-broken down into free fatty acids, monoglycerides w/ lipases (pancreas)
-lipids absorpbed as FFA's and monogycerides in SI
-conjugated w/ apoproteins by mucousal cell to form chylomicron
-exocytosis via mucosal cells releases chylomicrons into lacteals of lymphatic system for transport eventually into venous system, stored as peripheral fat |
0 |
mcs5109 Wed, 03 Dec 2008 05:36:25 GMT |
|
| protein absorption |
-broken down by stomach acid, pepsin (stomach), trypsin (pancreas)
-absorbed as AAs and small peptides
-absorption coupled w/ Na+ down [] gradient
-secondary active transport
-transport to liver via hepatic portal system |
0 |
mcs5109 Wed, 03 Dec 2008 05:36:25 GMT |
|
| carb absorption |
-broken down by amylase from pancreas
-absorbed in mono and di form into capillaries
-absorption coupled w/ Na+ down [] gradient
-secondary active transport
-transport to liver via hepatic portal system |
0 |
mcs5109 Wed, 03 Dec 2008 05:36:25 GMT |
|
| bile salts |
-actively reabsorbed in ileum
-portal blood leads back to liver |
0 |
mcs5109 Wed, 03 Dec 2008 05:22:05 GMT |
|
| jaundice |
-bile tract blockage, liver failure, hemolysis can cause it |
0 |
mcs5109 Wed, 03 Dec 2008 05:22:05 GMT |
|
| hepatic sinusoids |
-kupffer cells break down RBCs
-Hb broken into Fe and bilirubin
-bilirubin binds to albumin
-absorbed by liver cells
-processed into bile salts
-stored by gall bladder
-released by common bile duct
-bile salts recirculated many times per day in GI tract |
0 |
mcs5109 Wed, 03 Dec 2008 05:22:05 GMT |
|
| HNG CoA reductase |
-mediates cholesterol synthesis in hepatocytes |
0 |
mcs5109 Wed, 03 Dec 2008 05:03:05 GMT |
|
| liver functions |
-carb metabolism: stores glycogen, releases glucose
-lipid metabolism (manufactures cholesterol (HMG CoA reductase)
-protein synthesis: albumins, fibrinogens, prothrombin
-breaks old RBCs into bilirubin
-bile production: emulsification of fats
-detoxification: chemically alters alcohol, drugs, etc. into kidney excretable compounds such as urea, ammonia, uric acid |
0 |
mcs5109 Wed, 03 Dec 2008 05:03:05 GMT |
|
| hepatic portal vein |
-blood from GI goes directly into liver via this route
-nutrient processing
-detoxifies foreign substances
-process material before released into body |
0 |
mcs5109 Wed, 03 Dec 2008 05:03:05 GMT |
|
| blood flow |
-25% of C.O.
-arterial flow for metabolically active organs (GI, liver)
-venous flow (shunted thru liver for metabolic processing of nutrients that are absorbed in capillaries)
-hepatic portal vein receives this flow |
0 |
mcs5109 Wed, 03 Dec 2008 05:03:05 GMT |
|
| Adventitia layer |
-muscularis externa is bounded by adventitia
-outermost connective tissue covering of any organ, vessel, or other structure |
0 |
mcs5109 Wed, 03 Dec 2008 04:50:21 GMT |
|
| tunica serosa |
-outermost layer in GI tract
-serous membrane
-simple squamous epithelium that produces fluid
-adventitia layer (no cavity) in esophagus |
0 |
mcs5109 Wed, 03 Dec 2008 04:50:21 GMT |
|
| Auerbach's (myenteric) plexus |
-ANS
-lies b/w circular and longitudinal layers
-controls and coordinates the motor activity of muscularis
-controls GI |
0 |
mcs5109 Tue, 02 Dec 2008 17:38:59 GMT |
|
| tunica muscularis |
-usually smooth muscle (except: esophagus)
-usually 2 layers (inner circular, outer longitudinal, except stomach, 3rd oblique muscle layer)
-mechanical digestion
-propulsion
-Auerbach's (myenteric) plexus |
0 |
mcs5109 Tue, 02 Dec 2008 17:38:59 GMT |
|
| Meissner's plexus |
-tells glands to secrete, tells muscularis to contract
-in tunica submucosa
-major nerve network
-ennervates cells in the epithelial layer as well as the smooth muscle of the muscularis mucosae |
0 |
mcs5109 Tue, 02 Dec 2008 17:38:58 GMT |
|
| tunica submucosa |
-dense, irregular connective tissue
-larger blood and lymph vessels
-binds tunica mucosa to tunica muscularis
-highly vascularized
-ennervated by ANS
-Meissner's plexus: tells glands to secrete, tells muscularis to contract |
0 |
mcs5109 Tue, 02 Dec 2008 17:38:58 GMT |
|
| muscularis mucosa |
-2 thin layers of smooth muscle (longitudinal and circular)
-local mvt of GI epithelium
-folding helps increase surface area
-contraction of this smooth muscle affects surface area for absorption by moving villi of epithelium |
0 |
mcs5109 Tue, 02 Dec 2008 05:19:56 GMT |
|
| lamina propria of tunica mucosa |
-loose connective tissue
-binds epithelium to muscularis
-capillaries and lmphatics
-immune protection
-contains nerve fibers and small blood vessels into which absorbed nutrients pass
-wandering immune cells to patrol for invaders |
0 |
mcs5109 Tue, 02 Dec 2008 05:19:56 GMT |
|
| mitotic turnover |
-chemo, radiation
-affects epithelium lining
-rapid turnover of epithelium lining and cell division rate makes organs susceptible to developing cancers |
0 |
mcs5109 Tue, 02 Dec 2008 05:13:23 GMT |
|
| epithelium lining of tunica mucosa |
-lumen "brush" border
-stratified squamous or simple columnar
-absorption/protection/secretion
-mucous production
-secretory function (digestive enzymes from glands)
-mitotic turnover (chemo)
-most variable in GI tract; change from section to section
-cell/cell junctions vary (tight in stomach and colon, leaky in intestines) |
0 |
mcs5109 Tue, 02 Dec 2008 05:13:23 GMT |
|
| tunica mucosa |
-innermost layer of ailmentary canal
-ELM:
epithelium lining
lamina propria
muscularis mucosa |
0 |
mcs5109 Tue, 02 Dec 2008 05:13:23 GMT |
|
| accessory digestive organs |
-contribute to breakdown of food
-teeth, tongue
-digestive glands (salvary glands, pancreas, gall bladder) |
0 |
mcs5109 Tue, 02 Dec 2008 04:53:34 GMT |
|
| alimentary canal (GI tract proper) |
-mouth
-pharynx
-esophagus
-stomach
-SI
-LI
-rectum
-one long tube |
0 |
mcs5109 Tue, 02 Dec 2008 04:53:34 GMT |
|
| defecation |
-elimination of indigestible substances |
0 |
mcs5109 Tue, 02 Dec 2008 04:53:34 GMT |
|
| absorption |
-passage of nutrients into circulatory and lymphatic systems for distribution thru the body |
0 |
mcs5109 Tue, 02 Dec 2008 04:53:34 GMT |
|
| digestion |
chemical and mechanical breakdown of foods into smaller units to be absorbed |
0 |
mcs5109 Tue, 02 Dec 2008 04:48:59 GMT |
|
| propulsion of food |
-waves of peristaltic contraction
-push bolus into stomach
-gravity not required |
0 |
mcs5109 Tue, 02 Dec 2008 04:48:59 GMT |
|
| ingestion |
Mastication: chewing to create bolus to swallow
deglutition: swallowing; pushes bolus into esophagus |
0 |
mcs5109 Tue, 02 Dec 2008 04:48:59 GMT |
|
| Digestion processes |
1. ingestion
2. propulsion
3. digestion
4. absorption
5. defecation |
0 |
mcs5109 Tue, 02 Dec 2008 04:48:59 GMT |
|
