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| mode of reproduction not involving any sex but division of a parent cell into two equally sized offspring |
binary fission |
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smiley Tue, 18 Nov 2008 05:29:06 GMT |
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| a group of identical cells derived from a single parent cell |
colony |
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| fungus used to fight bacterial infections |
penicillin |
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| against life |
antibiotics |
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| something that causes diseases |
pathogens |
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| a subgroup of gram-negative bacteria, often called the purple bacteria |
proteobacteria |
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| any number of spiral shaped bacteria |
spirochetes |
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| blue-green algae, bacterium which lives in water and produces energy by photosynthesis like algae |
cyanobacteria |
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| those that do not retain crystal violet dye during the gram stain process |
gram negative bacteria |
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| those that retain a crystal violet dye during the Gram stain process |
gram positive bacteria |
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| an extreme archaebacteria which thrives in acidious, sulfur rich, high temperature environments |
thermoacidophiles |
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| organism which needs a salt-rich environment in which to grow |
halophiles |
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| bacteria that synthesize methane, requiring completely anaerobic conditions for growth |
methanogens |
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| These bacteria account for most types, they occur in many shapes and sizes and have distinct biochemical and genetic characteristics |
Kingdom Eubacteria |
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| these bacteria are differently structured than the eubacteria and the differences allow them to live in harsh environments throughout the world |
Kingdom Archaebacteria |
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| living inside or on another organism; obtaining its livelihood from another creature |
parasitic |
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| any organism that feeds on dead or decaying flesh (decomposer) |
saprophyte |
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| deriving energy from externally produced organic compounds |
heterotrophic |
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| energy is obtained from external chemical compounds |
chemotrophic |
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| able to synthesize food |
autotrophic |
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| microscopic prokaryotes most are beneficial to humans and to the environment, but a small percentage can cause disease |
bacteria |
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| polysaccharide layer secreted around the cell wall by some prokaryotes that prevents the cell from drying out and helps the cell attach to environmental surfaces |
capsule |
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| spirally twisted, aerboic bacterium |
spirilla |
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| rod-shaped or cylindrical bacterium |
bacilli |
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| spherical bacterium |
cocci |
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| state of chemical reaction in which its forward and reverse reactions occur at equal rates so that the concentratino of reactants and products does not change with time |
equilibrium |
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| diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
osmosis |
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| a plasma membrane with components constantly in motion, sliding past one another within the lipid bilayer |
fluid-mosaic model |
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| process of cellular excretion in which substances contained in vesicles are discharged from the cell by fusion of the vesicular membrane with the outer cell membrane |
exocytosis |
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| process by which certain cells can engulf droplets of fluid into the cell, followed by formation of vesicles within the cells |
pinocytosis |
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| process in which phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris; an important defense against infection |
phagocytosis |
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| energy-requiring process by which large substances from the outside environment can enter a cell |
endocytosis |
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| a kind of protein that is capable of pumping out compounds that could pose as a threat to the cell |
protein pumps |
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| energy-requiring process by which substances move across the plasma membrane against a concentration gradient |
active transport |
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| movement of a chemical substance across a cell membrane without expenditure of energy by the cell, as in diffusion |
passive transport |
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| solute concentration outside the cell is greater than the solute inside the cell |
hypertonic |
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| solute concentration outside the cell is lower than the solute inside the cell |
hypotonic |
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| concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside the cell |
isotonic |
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| pore-forming proteins that regulate the flow of ions across the membrane in all cells |
ion channel |
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| a protein that transports specific substance through intracellular compartments, into the extracellular fluid, or across the cell membrane |
carrier protein |
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| passive transport of ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane by transport proteins |
facilitated diffusion |
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| the difference in concentration of molecules of a substance from the highest to the lowest number of molecules |
concentration gradient |
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| net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
diffusion |
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| homogeneous mixture formed when a substance (solute) is dissolved in another substance (solvent) |
solution |
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| constant random movement of molecules |
brownian movement |
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| membrane-bound vesicle for temporary storage of materials such as food, enzymes, and wastes |
vacuole |
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| a hollow, cylindrical structure in the cytoplasm of most cells, invovled in intracellular shape and transport |
microtubules |
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| narrow tubelike cell structure composed of a protein similar to actin, involved in cytoplasmic movement and changes in cell shape |
microfilaments |
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| hairlike organelles that line the surfaces of certain cells and provide locomotion by beating in rhythmic waves |
cilia |
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| long, tail-like projection with a whiplike motion that helps a cell move through a watery environment |
flagellum |
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| vesicle that uses enzymes to digest excess or worn-out cellular substances |
lysosomes |
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| organelle in the cytoplasm that functions in energy production |
mitochondria |
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| used for storage and packaging of chemicals |
golgi bodies |
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simple cell organelle that helps manufacture proteins
site of protein synthesis |
ribosomes |
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| highly folded membrane system in eukaryotic cells that is the site for protein and lipid synthesis |
endoplasmic reticulum |
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| semifluid material inside the cell's plasma membrane |
cytoplasm |
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| polysaccharide that is the chief constituent of all plant tissues and fibers |
cellulose |
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| water-soluble colloidal carbohydrates of high molecular weight found in ripe fruit. Used to gel various products |
pectin |
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| the pectin-rich intercellular material cementing together the primary walls of adjacent plant cells |
middle lamella |
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| in plants, the rigid barrier that surrounds the outside of the plasma membrane, is made of cellulose, and provides support and protection to the cell |
cell wall |
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| semi-permeable membrane enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell |
cell membrane |
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| double-membrane organelle that captures light energy and converts it to chemical energy through photosynthesis |
chloroplast |
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| plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll usually yellow or orange carotenoids |
chromoplast |
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| organism comprising the bacteria and cyanobacteria and lacking membrane-bound organelles |
prokaryotic |
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| single-celled or multicellular organism whose cells contain a distinct membrane-bound nucleus |
eukaryotic |
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| regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm |
nuclear pores |
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| double membrane surrounding the nucleus within a cell |
nuclear envelope |
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| conspicuous, rounded body within the nucleus of the cell (plural) |
nucleoli |
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| center of atom; contains neutrons and protons. In eukaryotic cells, the central membrane-bound organelle that manages cellular functions and contains DNA |
nucleus |
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1. organisms are made of one or more cells
2. cells are the basic unit of life
3. all cells come only from other cells |
cell theory |
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